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court cases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Schenck v. United States (1919) | other defendants, who distributed flyers to draft-age men urging resistance to induction, could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft, a criminal offense. |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools, due to violation of the First Amendment |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | in favor of the students held that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and that administrators would have to demonstrate constitutionally valid reasons for any specific regulation of speech in the classroom |
| New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) | The Pentagon Papers Case, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the First Amendment right to freedom of the press. |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) | the Court held that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education past 8th grade. |
| Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) | Court found that laws restricting the political spending of corporations and unions are inconsistent with the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. The case arose when William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for failing to deliver Marbury's commission |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Supreme Court case that established the supremacy of the federal government over state governments, ruling that Congress had the implied power to create a national bank and that states could not tax it |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | United States Supreme Court which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and hence are unconstitutional |
| Baker v. Carr (1961) | established federal courts could hear cases challenging state legislative redistricting, ruling that unequal representation violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | that established the right to a court-appointed attorney for indigent (poor) defendants in felony criminal cases, ruling that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | case in the area of redistricting and racial gerrymandering. After the 1990 census, North Carolina qualified to have a 12th district and drew it in a distinct snake-like manner to create a "majority-minority" Black district |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | United States Supreme Court that struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 as it was outside of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. |
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) | found that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms", as protected under the Second Amendment, is incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment and is thereby enforceable against the states |
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ed.26699