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Poonam Singh
Physiology week 7-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors. |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. | voluntary; outside |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on any of the following areas except: | sweat glands. |
| In a healthy adult, a well-placed tap on the knee will result in a: | contraction of the tendon and its muscles, the quadriceps femoris, and thereby stimulation of the muscle spindles. |
| What is the difference between a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex? | A somatic reflex is caused by contraction of skeletal muscles, whereas an autonomic reflex consists of contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or secretions of glands. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| Blood from the brachiocephalic vein drains into the | head, neck, and upper extremity. |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the | stronger the contraction. |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to: | hypercapnia. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| Memory cells: | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| The sensors that provide feedback information to the medullary rhythmicity area are the | central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors. |
| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. | chloride |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease. |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as | the Bohr effect. |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boyle’s |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution? | Henry |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate? | Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 |