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Science

Science Terms and Definitions

TermDefinition
Adaptation Traits/phenotypes which allow an organism to better survive in its environment.
Allele An alternative version of a gene
Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent. All offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
Carrier A heterozygous individual. They have a recessive allele that is not expressed in the phenotype, but which may be passed on to its offspring.
Crossing over Swapping of DNA between homologous chromosomes during the meiosis process. Increases genetic variation.
Diploid A cell with two sets of chromosomes
Dominant Aleele An allele that is always expressed when it is present. Represented using capital letters. E.g., BB, Bb.
DNA Molecule with a double helix structure made up of sequences of 4 bases (A, T, G, C). Found in the nucleus of cells
DNA sequencing The process of finding out the exact order of bases on a length of DNA.
Evolution Gradual change in the genetic code of organisms over a long period of time. May result in formation of new species
Fertilisation The process where the DNA from an egg and sperm fuse together
Founder effect The loss of genetic diversity when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population.
Gamete Sex cells containing half the chromosomes of the parent.
Gene A short segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein/phenotype
Gene Pool The complete set of all unique alleles in a population
Gene Tracking The process of following/tracing a specific gene in individuals of a population or across generations.
Genetic Material Molecule that carries genetic information that is passed down. Primarily DNA.
Genetic Variation refers to the differences in the genetic makeup/combination of alleles of individuals in a population.
Genotype Genotype is the combination of alleles for a gene, eg BB, Bb
Haploid A cell with only a single set of chromosomes
Heterozygous Two different alleles in a genotype: e.g.: Bb.
Homozygous Two alleles in a genotype are the same: e.g.: BB or bb
Inbreeding The mating of closely related individuals within a population
Independent Segregation Homologous chromosomes line up at random and independently of other homologous chromosomes during the process of meiosis.
Meiosis A type of cell division which produces egg and sperm cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Migration Is the movement of individuals from one geographic location to another
Mutation A permanent change in the DNA.
Natural selection process where individuals with ‘fit’ phenotypes survive and reproduce at a higher rate than less fit phenotypes. fit individuals pass the beneficial alleles on to the next generation, thus increasing the frequency of beneficial alleles in the population.
Pedigree Chart A branching tree diagram that tracks alleles/traits being passed through a family.
Phenotype How a gene is expressed as a protein/phenotype/trait.
Population Bottleneck Is an event that drastically reduces the size of a population
Recessive Allele An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is homozygous (bb).
Sexual Reproduction Reproduction involving two parents. Offspring inherit half their DNA from each parent.
Somatic cells Any cell in the body that is not a gamete, has a pair of each type of chromosome.
Zygote The cell that is formed from the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell. Full set of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes Two chromosomes in a cell with the same genes on them. One chromosome is inherited from each parent
Genetic Diversity The total number of different alleles in a population of organisms
Created by: user-2005615
 

 



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