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exam 2 bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is metabolic pathway | linked chemical reactions inside a cell |
| how can the end product give negative feedback to the enzyme controlled metabolic pathway | it can shut down or slow down the pathway |
| which stage of cellular respiration creates the most ATP | oxidation phosphate |
| what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic | aerobic requires oxygen to produce ATP anaerobic occurs without ATP |
| what is it called when catabolism uses water to make smaller molecules | hydrolysis |
| list the specific complimentary base pairing in DNA | A->T G->C |
| what molecule carries energy in a form the cell can use | adenosine triphosphate |
| why is ATP important to cellular process | because its the main energy source |
| what happens during DNA replication | a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA |
| how much of the genome is similar between 2 individual humans | 99% |
| what is released by the citric acid cycle | ATP |
| what is the difference between transcription and translation | transcription is the process of making an MRNA copy of a gene translation is the process of using MRNA to build a protein |
| what reaction build larger molecules by removing water | dehydration synthesis |
| glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce 2 ATP and 2 other molecules what are they | pyruvic acid |
| is glycolysis an aerobic or an anaerobic reactions | anaerobic |
| describe the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate | the enzyme has an active sit the substrate binds enzyme change shape, form the enzyme-substrate complex, enzyme converts substrate into products |
| what enzyme controls DNA replication | DNA polymerase |
| what is the major tissue type that covers all body surfaces | epithelial tissue |
| list the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue | collagen, elastic, reticular |
| what are the primary functions of connective tissue | support, protection, connection |
| list the 3 types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| what are the primary cell types found in cartilage vs bone | chondrocytes vs osteocytes/blasts/clasts |
| what are the bony concentric circles that are found in the compact bone | lamella |
| what type of connective tissue stores fat and protect organs against trauma | adipose tissue |
| what is the difference between the 3 types of muscles | skeletal- voluntary, striated, fast cardias- involuntary, striated, in the heart, branched smooth- involuntary, nonstriated, slow, walls of organs |
| what differentiates glands from apocrine glands | merocrine- secretes product only, cell stay intact apocrine- secretes product, part of the cell's cytoplasm |
| what is the function of fibroblasts | produce fibers, secretes ground substance, tissue repair |
| fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, and mast cells are the major cell types found in what connective tissue | loose connective tissue |
| synovial membranes are made of what kind of tissue | connective tissue |
| what kind of muscle is found in the wall of most hallow internal organs | smooth muscle |
| what kind of epithelium is found in the skin epidermis | stratified squamous epithelium |
| ligaments are made of what kind of tissue | dense regular connective tissue |
| list the most superficial and the deepest layers of the epidermis | stratum corneum and Basale |
| what is the difference between dermis and epidermis in terms of thickness and location of blood vessels | epidermis- thin, no blood vessel dermis- thick, contains blood vessels that support epidermis |
| differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns, particularly in terms of blisters, pain and layers of skin | 1st- epidermis only, red and painful, no blisters 2nd- epidermis + partial dermis, painful with blisters 3rd- full of thickness, may reach sub cut aneous tissue, often painless dry and leathery |
| what determines hair color | the amount of melanin in the hair |
| what is keratinization | prosses of epidermis cells producing keratin |
| what is the function of fingernails and where do they grow from | protection, sensation, manipulation, grows from the nail matrix |
| what is the purpose of melanin | protect the body and determine color |
| what produces melanin and in which layers of epidermis is it located | melanocytes, stratum Basale |
| is albinism related to melanin | yes |
| what is the thick oily substance that protects and lubricates the surface of the skin | sebum |
| name 3 accessory structures of the skin | hair, nails, glands |
| what are arrector pili | smooth muscles attached to hair follicles in the skin |
| list 3 functions of skin | protection, temp regulation, sensation |
| describe cyanosis | blue/purplish discoloration of the skin/mucus membrane |
| is the skin the largest or smallest organ in the body | largest |
| what nervous system cells protect and support neurons in the CNS | neuroglia |
| what do the dermal blood vessels do differently with hyperthermia and hypothermia | hyperthermia- vasodilation, heat loss hypothermia- vasocontraction, heat conservation |
| list the layers of skin | epidermis is the outer layer dermis in the inner layer |
Created by:
malenaf27