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Ap Bio Vocab 15-16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aneuploidy | A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. |
| Barr body | A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome. |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. |
| Deletions | A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. |
| Down Syndrome | A human genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life-threatening. |
| Duplications | An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated. |
| Genomic Imprinting | A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent. |
| Inversions | An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated. |
| Linkage Map | A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. |
| Linked Genes | Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together. |
| Monosomy | Referring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. |
| Nondisjunction | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other. |
| Parental Types | An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself. |
| Polypoidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division. |
| Recombinant Types | An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself. |
| Sex-Linked Genes | A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome. |
| Translocations | An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. |
| Trisomic | Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. |
| Antiparallel | they are oriented in opposite directions to each other |
| DNA Ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3′ end of one DNA fragment |
| DNA pol I | an enzyme in prokaryotes that has a primary role in DNA repair, which includes removing RNA primers left over from replication and filling in the resulting gaps with DNA |
| DNA pol III | primary bacterial enzyme responsible for replicating chromosomal DNA |
| DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of an existing chain. |
| DNA Replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis. |
| Double Helix | the iconic spiral structure of two strands of DNA that twist around each other, resembling a twisted ladder |
| Euchromatin | The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. |
| Helicases | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. |
| Heterochromatin | Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed. |
| Histone | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure. |
| Lagging Strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments |
| Leading Strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory direction. |
| Mismatch Repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides. |
| Nucleases | An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides. |
| Nucleosomes | The basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone. |
| Neucleotide Excision Repair | A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
| Semiconservative Model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand. |
| Telomeres | The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule. |
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