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circulatory cva
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the circulatory system comprise of | heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, hemopoietic (blood producing) organs and tissues |
| what does the circulatory system do | transports gasses, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, and various other materials |
| what is the heart | a muscular pump that has a pacemaker |
| what can heart rate be regulated by | both the pacemaker and the autonomic nervous system |
| what are the blood forming organs | spleen, kidneys, liver, bone marrow |
| what happens to the stem cells that can potentially differentiate from hematopoetic organs in adulthood | they restrict |
| are hematopoetic organs present in all embryos | yes |
| what is plasma | liquid comp of blood- erythrocytes |
| what are rbc | carry o2 from lungs to the rest of the body- erythrocytes |
| what are wbc | fight infection and aid immune response- leukocuyes |
| what are the 5 types of wbc | lymphocytes, monocytes, esinophils, basophils, neutrophils |
| what are platelets | thrombocytes, help w coagulation |
| where does hemopoesis occur usually | bone marrow embryonic- blood islands, egg yolk, liver |
| erythrocytes are made out of what type of stem cells | pluripotent |
| where are mature erythrocytes released into | capillaries and into the broader circulatory system |
| what are reticulocytes | immature rbc that contain organelle reminants |
| artery components | very thick elastic walls, endothelium lined, smooth muscle (tunica media), fibrous external layer (tunica externa), branch to arterioles which have little to no elastin and more smooth muscle |
| what is the order of decreasing artery flow | artery, arteriole, capillaries |
| vein components | elastic thin walls, not as much smooth muscle, begin at end of capillaries, then venules, then veins |
| what do veins have that arteries dont | valves |
| what are capillaries a site for | gas and nutrient exchange |
| what are capillaries characteristic of | endothelium only and slow flow, diffusion of blood to and from body tissues |
| layers of the heart | lined by endothelium covered by pericardium myocardium inbw |
| what did the basic vertebrate heart begin as | contractile vessel, like in the amphioxious |
| what were basic vertebrate heart chambers | sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus/bulbus cordis, ventral aorta |
| what do bv develop from | mesenchymal cells in splanchic mesoderm |
| what do mesenchymal cells form | aggregate blood islands |
| what do blood islands form | small vessels and blood cells |
| where are the first vessels to dvlp | yolk sac |
| what are the bv that form on the yolk sac | vitelline veins which extend beneath the pharynx to form tubular heart |
| what is the early embryo heart like | tubular |
| what does embryonic heartbeat promote | formation of new bv |
| what does heart play a role later in dvlpmt with | resp, metabolism, excretion, and growth |
| all early embryo hearts have the same 4 chambers, which are | sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus cordis |
| what does the bulbus cordis do | blood from there is circulated to the arteries, then thru the embryo body |
| what forms from the conus arteriosus in a lungfish amphibian heart | spiral valve |
| what does the spiral valve do | alternately blocks and unblocks the enterances to left and right pulmonary arches |
| what helps ensure that the oxygenated and unoxygenated blood are kept separate in the heart | shortening of the ventral aorta |
| what are anurans | frogs |
| how many arches do frogs have in early development | 4 |
| what does arch 6 for frogs develop into | pulmonary artery |
| what do arches 3,4,5 do in frogs | supply larval gills |
| what happens to frogs gill arches during metamorphosis | aortic arch 5 is lost, dorsal aorta bw arches 3 and 4 is lost, segment (ductus arteriosus) of arch 6 is lost, goes to skin and lungs, arch 4 (systemic arch) goes to dorsal aorta on each side |
| heart characteristics of an amphibian | coronary system present but not dvlp, heart wall tissues thin and spongy, can be supplied by blood inside heart |
| arch differences in salamanders | terrestrial urodeles- 4 pairs of arches aquatic urodeles- 3 pairs of arches (no arch 6) |
| amniote heart characteristics | 2 atria and 2 ventricles, sinus venosus (NOT IN ADULT BIRD OR MAMMAL), complete iterATRIAL septum, complete ventricular septum (CROC,BIRD,MAMMAL) |
| how many arches in reptile adults | 3 aortic arches (345) |
| reptile ventral aorta characteristics | no spiral valve, but truncus arteriosus is split into 3 separate passages- 2 aortic trunks and 1 pulmonary trunk which comes from right ventricle and connects w 6th aortic arch |
| heart characteristics of a reptile | coronary system present but not dvlp, heart wall tissues thin and spongy, can be supplied by blood inside heart |
| In reptiles, what happens to the truncus arteriosus | It splits into three separate passages: two aortic trunks and one pulmonary trunk |
| Which ventricle does the pulmonary trunk come out of | right |
| Where does the aortic trunk from the left ventricle send blood | To the right 4th aortic arch and the carotid arches (oxygenated blood |
| Which ventricle does the other aortic trunk appear to come out of | right |
| Where does the aortic trunk that appears to arise from the right ventricle lead | the left 4th aortic arch |
| Why can reptiles send some oxygenated blood to the body even without a spiral valve | Because the truncus arteriosus is separated into 3 tunnels, helping direct blood into the correct arches |
| What’s the function of the 4th aortic arches in reptiles | They carry blood to the systemic body circulation |
| crocs are diff from most- what is their heart structure | 2 atria, 2 ventricles, complete sep of heart into 4 chambers like mammals and birds, 2 aortas |
| what is the state of the ventricular septum in crocs | complete |
| wat connects the base of the right and left systemic arches in crocs | foramen of panizza |
| what is systemic arch | major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body |
| what is cog tooth valve and who has it | crocs, valve in the heart that has tooth-like bumps that help control blood flow by tightening or loosening opening |
| why is orientation of the heart in crocs diff | right arch comes from the LEFT ventricle and left arch comes from the RIGHT ventricle with the PULM artery with the foramen of panizza connecting both as they leave the ventricle |
| flow of blood thru heart of a croc | oxy blood from the left ventricle flows into the right then left aortic arch dt the foramen. high pressure in the left aortic arch keeps the valves closed so that deoxy blood goes only to the lungs and oxy blood goes out through both aortic arches |
| when crocs breathe, where does the aorta supply blood to | systemic tissues and digestive tract |
| where do l and r aortic arches supply blood to | stomach and intestines |
| Why does pressure in the right ventricle increase when a crocodile is diving | Because lung vessels have high pressure and resistance during breath-holding, making it hard for blood to enter the lungs |
| What happens when right ventricular pressure increases | forces open the semilunar valve of the right aorta, letting blood enter systemic circulation instead of the lungs |
| What does the cog-tooth valve do during diving | helps close the pulmonary outflow (to the lungs), promoting the shunt away from the lungs |
| Where does blood from the right ventricle go during a dive instead of going to the lungs | left aortic arch and body |
| What kind of shunt happens in a diving crocodile | r to l |
| Why is shunting blood to the body helpful for a diving crocodile | increases CO₂ and acidity, which helps digestion, especially in the gut |
| do birds and mammals mix oxy and deoxy blood | NO |
| what type of interventricular septum do birds and mammals have | complete |
| how many divisions does the ventral aorta have in birds and mammals | 2 trunks- pulmo to lungs, aortic to body |
| where does blood returning to r side of heart in birds and mammals go | lung |
| where does blood from lungs to l side go | systemic circulation |
| what do birds lose | systemic arch=single aorta |
| what is special about the amount of volume of blood sent to body and lungs in birds | equal |
| what is the state of the sub clavian arteries in birds | well developed as they supply wings and flight |
| what does a reduced sinus venosus turn into in a mammal | sinoatrial node- heart pacemaker |
| what do fetal mammals have that adult mammals dont | Baby mammals still have a shortcut that lets blood go from the body circuit to the lung circuit without actually going to the lungs, but after birth, adults lose this shortcut |
| fetal mammalian blood circulation to extremities | o2 blood from placenta to umbilical vein to fetus to liver to inferior vena cava where body blood mixes to foramen ovale to left atrium to head and shoulders |
| fetal mammalian blood circulation from extremities | head and shoulders to superior vena cava to right atrium to lungs to ductus arteriosus to body to placenta to get more o2 (lungs dont do anything) |
| why owl neck so flexible | bv swell and blood pools, providing o2 when twist blocks blood flow, also have backup arteries |
| how do giraffes maintain their necks and posture | tight skin, valves control blood flow to brain, really thick left ventricle, super super high bp |
| where is the lymphatic system found | in all vertebrates |
| what is part of the lymphatic system | lymph vessels, nodes, and in some species hearts |
| what does lymphatic system do | drain most body tissues, returns water and plasms proteins to veins, immune response |
| organs part of the lymphatic system | tonsils, adenoids, thymus, bone marrow, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen |
| where are lymph vessels found | most soft tissues of the body |
| what are lymph vessels | capillaries that collect interstitial fluid |
| what species have valves in their lymph vessels | birds and mammals to prevent backflow |
| what do lymph vessels empty into | veins |
| what are lymph nodes | located along lymph vessels and have lymphocytes and macrophages for immune response |
| what are lymph hearts | pulsating smooth muscle that propels lymph fluid thry lymph vessels, in fish amph and rept |
| who doesnt have a spleen | lamprey and hagfish |
| what does spleen do | take out damaged rbc, immune response modulation |
| what can the spleen do in some carnivores | store blood |
Created by:
kavyasurav