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Horse Sense
VMT Chapter 19
| Amble | Lateral gait that is different from the pace by being slower and more broken in cadence |
| Back | Slowly trotting in reverse |
| Barrel Racing | Racing in which horses race against a timer to complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels |
| Beat | Time when the foot touches the ground |
| Canter | Slow, restrained three-beat gait in which two diagonal legs are paired |
| Dressage | Method of riding in which a rider guides a trained horse through natural maneuvers |
| English | Method of riding in a saddle without a horn, rider uses both hands on the reins |
| Equitation | Act and practice of riding a horse |
| Fox Trot | Slow, short, broken type of gait in which the head usually nods |
| Gait | Pattern of footfalls resulting in movement |
| Natural gait | Animals instinctively perform |
| Artificial gait | Animal needs to learn |
| Gallop | Fast four-beat gait in which feet strike the ground separately, also called a run |
| Gymkhana | Racing events on horseback, barrel racing |
| Jog | Slow trot |
| Pace | Fast two-beat gait in which the front and hind feet on the same side start and stop at the same time |
| Pointing | Stride in which extension is more pronounced then flexion |
| Racing | Activity in which horses compete directly against one another to complete a distance in shortest time possible |
| Endurance Racing | Races up to 100 miles |
| Sprint Racing | Races 1/4 mile or less |
| Thoroughbred Racing | Races 1/2 to 2 miles |
| Rack | Fast, flashy unnatural four-beat gait in which each foot meets the ground separately at equal intervals, also called single-foot |
| Rolling | Excessive side to side shoulder motion |
| Running Walk | Slow four-beat gait intermediate in speed between a walk and rack |
| Showing | Any wide range of activities in which horse is exhibited, ridden, driven, or based on its conformation |
| Stride | Distance between successive imprints of the same foot |
| Suspension | Time in which none of the feet are in contact with the ground |
| Swing | Non weight bearing phase of a stride |
| Trappy | Short, quick, choppy stride |
| Trot | Natural, rapid two beat diagonal gait in which front foot and opposite hind foot take off and hit ground at the same time |
| Walk | Natural slow flat footed four beat gait in which each foot takes off and strikes the ground at separate intervals |
| Western | Method of riding in which stirrup length is long, rider has one-handed hold on the reins |
| Bad Mouth | Malocclusion where top and bottom teeth do not meet |
| Bag Up | Development of mammary glands or udder near parturition |
| Bars | Support structure angles forward from the hoof wall to keep from overexpanding, gap between a horses incisors and molars |
| Bay | Coat color that is light brown to reddish brown with a black mane, tail, and legs |
| Bishoping | Artificial altering of teeth of an older horse to sell it as a younger horse |
| Buckskin | Coat color that is dark golden color with a black mane, tail, and legs |
| Check Ligament | One or two ligaments to digital flexors of equine, maintains limbs in extended position during standing |
| Chestnut | Horny growths on medial surface of the equine leg either above the knee of front limb or toward the caudal area of the hock in rear limb |
| Chestnut Coat | Coat color of horses that is reddish to brown with a mane and tail the same or lighter color than the coat |
| Cracks | Hoof wall defects that form because hoof is too long and not trimmed frequently enough |
| Croup | Top part of equine rump |
| Cups | Deep indentations of incisors in the center of the occlusal surface in young permanent teeth |
| Curb | Enlargement on the caudal aspect of hind leg below the hock |
| Dental Stars | Marks on occlusal surface of incisor teeth appearing first as narrow, yellow lines, then as dark circles near center of tooth |
| Dun | Coat color that is brownish golden color with same colored or slightly darker mane, darker stripe down the back and medial surface of legs |
| Feather | Long hair below the knee and hock that may cover the hoof of some breeds |
| Flehmen Reaction | Response of a stallion to the scent of female horses urine in which he extends his head and curls upper lip |
| Flexor Tendon | Tendon that causes fetlock joint to flex |
| Foal Heat | First estrus that occurs slightly after parturition |
| Full-mouthed | Having all permanent teeth and cups present |
| Galvayne's Groove | Mark on labial surface of equine tooth, used to determine age, appears around 10 years of age |
| Guttural Pouch | Large, air filled ventral outpouching of the eustachian tube in equines |
| Hindgut | Collective term for the cecum, small colon, and large colon |
| In Wear | Condition in which toother has risen to masticatory level, opposing teeth have reached sufficient height above gum line to grind against one another |
| Lamina | Tissue that attaches hoof to the underlying foot structures |
| Laminitis | Inflammation of the sensitive laminae under horny wall of the hoof |
| Milk Teeth | First teeth that the animal develops |
| Monkey Mouth | Condition in which mandible is longer than maxilla, causes lower incisors to protrude beyond upper incisors |
| Nippers | Central incisors of equine, tool to remove excess hoof wall |
| Overo | Marking pattern for paint or pinto horses that are irregular and scattered across the body, uneven edges |
| Parrot Mouth | Condition in which maxilla is longer than the mandible, causes upper incisors to protrude beyond the lower incisors |
| Periople | Varnish like coating that holds moisture in the hoof and protects the hoof wall |
| Pinto | Coat pattern of white and any other color in large patches |
| Quidding | Condition in which horse drops food from the mouth while chewing |
| Quittor | Festering of the foot anywhere along the border of the coronet |
| Roan | Coat color with intermixed solid colored hairs and white hairs |
| What are the types of roan coat colors? | Red, Strawberry and Blue |
| Red or Strawberry roan is a combination of what color of hairs? | Chestnut and White |
| Blue roan is a combination of what color of hairs? | Black and White |
| Scratches | Low grade infection or scab in the skin follicles around the fetlock, also called grease heel |
| Smooth Mouth | Condition in which no cups are present in the permanent teeth |
| Stay Apparatus | Anatomical mechanism of equine limb allowing animal to stand with little muscular effort |
| Stock Type | Muscular body type that is consistent with that desired for working on a ranch |
| Tobiano | Color pattern for paint or pinto horses has large instead of scattered patches, ends of pattern tend to be uniform |
| Tush | Canine tooth in a horse, usually found in only males |
| Waxed Teats | Accumulation of sticky, clear to yellow colored dried milk at the nipple openings that may occur before parturition |
| Winking | Opening of the labia to expose the clitoris while female assumes a mating position |
| Wolf Teeth | Rudimentary first upper premolars in equine that are usually shed in maturity |
| Ankle Marking | White marking from the coronet to the fetlock, also called sock |
| Bald Face Marking | Wide white marking that extends beyond both eyes and nostrils, also called apron |
| Banding | Style of mane that is sectioned and fastened with rubber bands, seen in western show horses |
| Blaze Marking | Broad white stripe on the face of a horse |
| Blemish | Unattractive defect that does not interfere with performance |
| Bloom | Shiny coat for show horses |
| Chin Spot | White marking on the chin of a horses face |
| Coronet Marking | White marking covering the coronary band on a horses leg |
| Distal Spots | Dark circles on a white coronet band |
| Half Heel Marking | White marking on the medial or lateral aspect of the caudal region of the hoof |
| Half Pastern Marking | White marking from the coronet to the middle of the pastern on a horses leg |
| Half Stocking Marking | White marking from the coronet to the middle of the cannon |
| Heel Marking | White marking across the entire heel |
| Pastern Marking | White marking from the coronet to the pastern on the horses leg |
| Points | Black coloration from the knees and hocks down in bays and browns, may include ear tips |
| Race Markings | Long wave or irregular stripe down a horses face |
| Snip Marking | Small white marking on a horses muzzle |
| Spot Marking | Small white marking on a horses face |
| Star Marking | White mark, often in a diamond shape, found between the eyes on the face of a horse |
| Stocking or Full Stocking Mark | White marking from the coronet to the knee |
| Stripe Marking | Long, straight marking down a horses nose, sometimes called strip |
| Aids | Means by which a rider communicates with a horse Voice, Hands, Legs, Seat |
| Bit | Part of the bridle that is put in horses mouth to control the animal |
| Curb Bits | Have a shank extending from mouthpiece to the reins to create leverage when pressure is applied to bit through the reins |
| Snaffle Bits | Reins that connect directly to a ring attached to mouthpiece of the bit, does not provide leverage such as the curb bit |
| Breeching | Part of a harness that passes around the rump of a harnessed horse |
| Bridle | Part of a harness that includes the bit, reins, and headstall |
| Calks | Grips on the heels and outside of front shoes of horses |
| Cinch | Part of a saddle used to hold it onto the horse, placed around the girth area |
| Clinch Cutter | Tool used to remove horseshoes |
| Cradle | Device used to prevent animal from licking or biting an injured area |
| Halter | Device used to lead and tie a horse, also called a head collar |
| Hobble | Type of restraint where front feet or hind feet are placed in straps to keep them from moving |
| Hoof Pick | Instrument used to clean sole, frog, and hoof wall |
| Hoof Testers | Instrument used to test sensitivity in the equine foot |
| Pincher | Tool used to remove horseshoes, also central incisors in horses |
| Puller | Tool used to remove worn horseshoes |
| Rasp | Tool used to leveling a horses foot |
| Reins | Strap extending from the bit to the riders hand |
| Scotch Hobble | Type of restraint in which all four feet are tied in an x pattern to keep from moving or kicking |
| Shoe | Plate or rim of metal nailed to the palmar or plantar surface of equine hoof to protect from injury or aid in hoof disease management |
| Tack | Equipment used in riding and driving horses |
| Throatlatch | Bridle part connecting bridle to head, located under horses throat |
| as-fed basis | Amount of nutrients in a diet expressed in the form in which it is fed |
| Bedding | Material used to cushion animals shelter |
| Birth Date | For racing or showing, foals birthday is considered January 1 regardless of the actual month it was born |
| Blistering | Application of an irritating substance to treat a blemish |
| Bolt | To eat rapidly or to startle |
| Bots | Larvae of the bot fly, occur in the stomach |
| Bowline Knot | Type of nonslippable knot |
| Cast | To be caught in a recumbent position and unable to rise |
| Casting | Restraint method using ropes to place animals in lateral recumbency |
| Cribbing | Vice in which an equine grasps an object between the teeth, applies pressure, and swallows air |
| Cross-tying | Method of using two ropes to secure horse so head is level |
| Diluter | Type of fluid used to increase volume of semen |
| Dry Matter Basis | Method of expressing concentration of nutrient based on absence of water in the feed |
| Extender | Additive used to extend lifespan of sperm cells |
| Firing | Making a series of skin blisters with hot needle over area of lameness |
| Floating | Filing off the sharp edges of equine teeth |
| Get | Sire's offspring |
| Grade | Animal not registered with specific breed registry |
| What are some grooming equipment? | Curry Comb, Stiff Brush, Soft Brush, Comb, and Hoof Pick |
| Hand | Unit to measure height of an equine at the withers |
| Heaving | Extra contraction of the flank muscle during respiration, caused by loss of lung elasticity |
| Hunters | Horses that are judged while jumping fences or chasing fox |
| Lather | Accumulation of sweat on a horses body |
| Near Side | Left side of horse |
| Off Side | Right side of horse, Far Side |
| Plumb Line | Line formed when a weight is placed on end of string to measure the perpendicularity of something |
| Shod | Equine with horseshoes |
| Stock | Device used to restrain equine by inhibiting movement and confining animals body |
| Draft Horse | Large breed of working horse, usually over 17 hands |
| What are some draft horses? | Belgian, Clydesdale, Percheron, and Shire |
| Light Horse | Breed of horse that is intermediate in size and stature, usually greater than 14.2 hands |
| What are some light horses? | Paint, Quarter Horse, Saddlebred, Appaloosa, Arabian, Morgan, Standardbred, Tennessee Walking Horse, and Thoroughbred |
| Miniature Horse | Small breed of horse, usually less than 8.2 hands, Look identical to full-sized horses but smaller |
| Pony | Small breed of equine, usually about 14 hands, include Shetlands and Welsh |
| Pony of Americas | Breed of pony, usually between 11.5 and 14 hands |
| Bog Spavin | Enlargement of proximal hock caused by distention of the joint capsule |
| Spavin | Swelling |
| Bone Spavin | Bony enlargement at the base and medial surface of the hock |
| Bowed Tendons | Thickening of the caudal surface of the leg proximal to the fetlock |
| Capped Hock | Thickening of the skin or large callus at the point of the hock |
| Fistulous Withers | Inflammation of the withers |
| Grease Heel | Infection or scab in the skin around the fetlock, also called scratches |
| Osselets | Soft swellings on the cranial and sometimes sides of the fetlock joint |
| Poll Evil | Fistula on the poll that does not heal easily |
| Quarter Crack, Toe Crack, or Heel Crack | Cracks in quarters, toe, or heel, respectively of hoof wall caused by poor management |
| Quittor | Festering of the foot along the border of the coronet |
| Ringbone | Bony enlargement on the pastern bones |
| High Ringbone | Occurs at the pastern joint |
| Low Ringbone | Occurs at the coffin joint |
| Splints | Inflammation of the interosseous ligament that holds the splint bones to the cannon bone |
| Stifled | Displaced patella |
| Sweeney | Atrophy of the shoulder muscles |
| Thoroughpin | Fluctuating enlargement located in the hollows proximal to the hock, pressed from side to side |
| Equine Encephalomyelitis | Mosquito transmitted infectious alpha viral disease of horses that is associated with motor irritation, paralysis, and altered consciousness |
| What are the three types of equine encephalomyelitis? | Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE), |
| Equine Influenza | Myxovirus infection of horses associated with mild fever, watery eyes, and persistent coughing, also called the flu |
| Equine Protozoal Myelitis | Protozoal infection caused by Sarcocystis Neurona that causes weakness, ataxia, weight loss, seizures, and other CNS signs, EPM |
| Equine Viral Arteritis | Togavirus infection of horses associated with upper respiratory disease signs, abortion, and lesions in small arteries, EVA |
| Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis | Herpesvirus infection of horses associated with signs of upper respiratory disease and abortion, EVR |
| Potomac Horse Fever | Rickettsial bacterial disease of horses associated with fever, anorexia, incoordination, diarrhea, and edema of extremities, PHF, Equine Ehrlichiosis |
| Rabies Virus | Fatal zoonotic rhabdovirus infection of all warm-blooded animals that causes neurologic signs, RV |
| Stangles | Contagious bacterial disease of horses caused by bacteria Streptococcus equi |
| What are the sings of strangles? | High fever, Nasal discharge, Anorexia, Swollen and abscessed mandibular lymph nodes |
| Tetanus | Highly fatal bacterial disease caused by toxin of clostridium tetani associated with hyperesthesia, tetany, and convulsions, also called lockjaw |
| West Nile Virus | Mosquito borne viral encephalitis that entered U.S in 1999, signs include: Ataxia, paralysis, depression, head pressing, head tilt, seizures, and death, WNV |
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VTodd639