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Fluid/Electrolytes

QuestionAnswer
What percentage of body weight is water? 50%–70%
Who has the highest percentage of body water? Infants (65%–80%)
What percentage of blood is water? 80%–83%
What is the main regulator of water intake? Thirst mechanism
What portion of body fluids is intracellular? Two-thirds
What portion of body fluids is extracellular? One-third
What is interstitial fluid? Fluid surrounding and between cells
What is intravascular fluid? Plasma within blood vessels and heart
what is osmosis? Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute concentration.
What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
What is filtration? Movement of fluid across a membrane due to pressure differences.
functions of water? Maintains temperature, transports substances, lubricates joints/digestive tract.
What protects the brain and spinal cord? Water (via cushioning fluid)
Where are osmoreceptors located? Hypothalamus
How much water do adults need daily? 1.5–2 liters
Which hormones regulate fluid balance? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
List common signs of fluid volume deficit. (hypovolemia) Dry skin, poor turgor, thirst, weak pulse, low BP, elevated HR, dry tongue/lips.
What symptom is a late sign of hypovolemia? Nonelastic skin turgor
What are severe symptoms of fluid volume deficit? Confusion, decreased level of consciousness
List common signs of fluid volume excess. (Hypervolemia) Edema, crackles, jugular vein distention, weight gain, high BP, bounding pulse.
Electrolytes Chemical substances that, when dissolved in water, release either their positive or their negative electrically charged particles, called ions.
Sodium Determines ECF volumes, controls fluid distribution throughout the body. Stimulates conduction of electrical impulses
Potassium Can affect the heart rhythm and cause life-threatening arrhythmias
Calcium The most common mineral in our body. Stimulates the transmission of electrical impulses along nerve pathways. Vitamin D is required for absorption
Magnesium Part of bone structure, assists with the work of the heart, muscles, and nerve cells, lowers blood pressure
Chloride Found in interstitial fluid, lymph fluid, sweat, gastric, pancreatic, digestive juices, and in blood
Phosphorus Primary intracellular anion, essential to all body tissues, especially red blood cells and muscle cells. Is used in energy exchange by cells. Serves as part of the acid–base buffering system
What buffer system is the primary regulator? Bicarbonate–carbonic acid
Which system adjusts CO₂ levels? Respiratory system—the lungs control retention and elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2), an acid
Which system regulates hydrogen and bicarbonate over time? the kidneys control retention and elimination of hydrogen (H), an acid, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), a base
what is acidosis? an increase of acids in the blood and moves the pH to below 7.35
What causes respiratory acidosis? CO₂ retention (not breathing adequately)
What causes metabolic acidosis? Increased hydrogen ions or low bicarbonate
What is alkalosis? Alkalosis is an increase in blood alkalinity and moves the pH to above 7.45
What causes alkalosis? Breathing rapidly and deeply, will “blow off” more CO2 than normal
What causes metabolic alkalosis? Loss of hydrogen ions or increased bicarbonate
What describes metabolic alkalosis? Kidneys excrete hydrogen ions to save potassium ions, leading to pH increasing above 7.45
Created by: lemonlakisha
 

 



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