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Psychology PSY2012
Psychology PSY 2012 Fall 2025
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology Definition | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
| Biological Theoretical Perspective | studying the influences of the brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics on behavior |
| Cognitive Theoretical Perspective | focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one's behavior |
| Behavioral Theoretical Perspective | focuses on the learned behaviors that we acquire through our environment, peer group, or any other external stimuli |
| Psychoanalytic Theoretical Perspective | emphasizes unconscious psychological processes and early childhood experiences role in shaping adult personality. |
| Humanistic Theoretical Perspective | emphasizes self-efficacy, and self-actualization helping people fulfill their potential and maximize well-being. |
| Sociocultural Theoretical Perspective | growth is guided, in part, by people in our lives who consider the person and their symptoms in the context of culture and background. |
| Study Skill: Distributed/Spaced Practice | distribute studying across multiple sessions rather than massing it in one session |
| Study Skill: Elaborative Processing | Deep thinking might include connecting material to things that they already know |
| Study Skill: Testing Effect/Retrieval Practice | Student's ability to explain information or produce answers to questions without looking at notes or the textbook. |
| Study Skill: Overlearning | The more students correctly retrieve and apply information, the easier it becomes to do so. |
| Sensation | Receptors in the sense organs detect and convert stimuli into neural impulses. |
| Perception | The process of organizing, interpreting, and making sense of sensory information from the environment. Occurs in the brain. |
| Top Down Processing | a cognitive process in psychology where the brain uses prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret and understand sensory information |
| Behaviorism | a school of psychology that defines behavior as a product of environmental stimuli and reinforcement, emphasizing the study of observable actions |
| Classical Conditioning | Associative learning of involuntary behaviors (e.g., emotions, reflexes like eye blinks, salivation, nausea, etc.). |
| Operant Conditioning | Associative learning of voluntary behavior (e.g., raising hand in class, studying, taking Motrin for pain, etc.) resulting from consequences - reinforcement and punishment. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Increases behavior by presenting something the organism likes for performing a behavior (treat for dog learning to sit on command). |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increases behavior by removing something the organism doesn't like after performing a behavior (e.g., substance use decreases social anxiety - short term). |
| Positive Punishment | Decreases behavior by adding something the organism doesn't like after performing behavior (e.g., teacher scolding a child for talking in class). |
| Negative Punishment | Decreases behavior by removing something the organism likes for performing a behavior (e.g., taking phone away from teen who came home late). |
| Nature | The influence of genetics and inherited biological factors on a person's development and behavior |
| Nurture | The environmental factors that influence a person's development, such as upbringing, education, and social experiences |
| Social Norms | Cultural expectations for behavior |
| Social Roles | the set of behaviors and expectations associated with a particular position within a social group |
| Stereotypes | COGNITIVE – the brain organizes similar information together |
| Prejudice | ATTITUDE – a usually negative attitude toward a group or person based on perceived association with a group |
| Discrimination | BEHAVIOR - an act, policy, or practice, that creates, or maintains, an advantage for some groups and their members over other groups and their members. |
| Problem-focused coping | a stress management technique where you address the source of the stress directly (e.g., creating a study plan to manage exam stress) |
| Emotion-focused coping | a strategy for managing the emotional distress caused by a stressful event (e.g., seeking social support, meditation, or engaging in hobbies). |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | the part of the autonomic nervous system that triggers the "fight-or-flight" response to prepare the body for stress, danger, or intense physical activity. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | the part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes the "rest and digest" state, calming the body |
| Stress and Physical Health | stress can negatively impacts the body, leading to a variety of physical symptoms like high blood pressure, headaches, digestive problems, a weakened immune system, and more. |
| The 4 D's of Psychological Disorders | Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger |
| Experimental method | A research method that tests causal hypotheses by manipulating variables. |
| Correlation | A measure of the relationship between two variables (does not imply causation). |
| Neuroplasticity | The brain’s ability to change and adapt with experience. |
| Personality | A person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. |
| Sleep | crucial for emotional regulation, cognitive function, and memory consolidation, sleep deprivation can lead to irritability, poor decision-making, and an increased risk of mental health problems like anxiety and depression. |
| Meditation | reduces stress, improves memory, attention, sleep; decreases pain, anxiety, and depression |
Created by:
drbsmith