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respiration cva
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is external respiration | o2 and co2 bw the external environment and the body cells- air to blood |
| what is internal respiration | cells use oxygen for atp production, produce co2 as byproduct- blood to cells |
| what is cutaneous respiration | respiration thru the skin, can take place in air, water or both, most important in amphibians (think frogs can breathe thru their skin) |
| what are external gills | highly vascularized, large surface area, typically larval (BUT KEPT IN NECTURUS) |
| what are interal gills | vascularized plates (known as primary gill lamellae) and secondary gill lamellae |
| elasmobranch respiration (sharks and such) | 5 gill slits w no operculum covering, have demibranches, have interbrachial septum inbw the demibranchs, gill rakers protrude from gill cartilage and guard entrance into gill chamber |
| what is a demibranch | Each gill chamber has: a front wall (anterior wall) and a back wall (posterior wall) BOTH walls have gill tissue. Each wall’s gill tissue = one demibranch (half-gill) |
| what is a holobranch | two demibranches, septum, associated cartilage, bv, muscles, nerves |
| what happens when water passes thru the gills | pharynx and into the internal, then external gills water passes over secondary gill lamellar, capillary beds absorb o2, afferent arteries take o2 less blood from heart, pre and post trematic arteries take blood to dorsal aorta |
| where does water exit thru | septal channels |
| teleost respiration patterns | have one opercular opening instead of multiple gill slits because their interbranchial septa are reduced (aseptal gills) allows more secondary lamellae and makes their breathing more efficient than sharks. |
| when did lungs dvlp | early actinopterygians, and lungfish |
| what are characteristics of lungs | large surfaced area, air forced into and out thru the glottis, surfactant is used to keep the layers (epithelials) from sticking tg |
| what is a swim bladder | most vertebrates have either swim bladders or lungs, which came from a common ancestral lung. thin-walled, air-filled sac that helps w buoyancy, respiration and sound |
| who doesnt have swim bladders | cyclostomes, cartilaginous fish, and some teleosts lack swim bladders |
| do swim bladders have to be paired | no |
| what do swim bladders usually have that connect to the esophagus | they have a pneumatic duct that stays open in bowfin and lungfish stays closed in most teleosts |
| how do swim bladders "gain" gas | by the way of a red body, which is a rete mirabile w a gas gland |
| how do swim bladders help w hearing | webberian ossicles- catfish, goldfish carp |
| in which species do swim bladders help with sound production | drumfish |
| in which species do swim bladders help with respiration | lungfish |
| how does the mixed air buccal pump in lungfishes work | gulping fresh air into the mouth, then opening the glottis so old air leaves the lung and mixes with the new air in buccal cavity, they close the mouth and squeeze the buccal cavity, forcing the mixed air into the lung |
| how do bichir lungfish breathe | fish contracts lung and exhales thru opercular slit- dt this dermal armor buckles in once armor snaps back into shape, pulls air thru mouthj model for early amphibian respiration |
| amphibian respiration traits | larval gills that are lost, similar breathing parrrtern to lungfish thru nares and mixed air intake (less in amphs), lungs and laryngotracheal chamber lined w mucous and cilia, SOME cutaneous resp |
| resp in amphibians cont | Very low respiration rates Low metabolism Evolution of vocalization |
| respiration in amphibians specific pattern | pharynx floor drops; air is pulled into nostrils and buccal cavity glottis opens; lungs contract; stale air exhaled (slight mixing) nostrils close; pharynx floor raises; air forced into lungs glottis closes |
| what is the difference between amphibian and lungfish respiration pattern | air enters and leaves the nares instead of mouth like the lungfish |
| what is similar between the amphibian and lungfish respiration | low resp rates since low metabolism=low need for o2 |
| why are amphibians able to sustain a low respiration rate | some o2 absorbed by the skin, good respiratory system not totally necessary |
| what did respiratory system contribute to development of in amphibians | vocalization |
| reptile vocalization causes | increase in neck length and differentiation in laryngotracheal chamber into larynx and trachea |
| larynx characteristics | 2 pairs of cartilages (not mammal) arytenoid- flank glottis cricoid- ring shaped no thyroid cartilage |
| do reptiles have vocal cords | no, hissing is dt air expulsion |
| what serve as vocal cords in crocodilians | folds w/in the glottis |
| what reptiles actually have vocal chords | geckos |
| what do some tortoises have that serve as vocal chords | muscle bands |
| larynx characteristics in mammals | paired arytenoids, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, true and false vocal cords |
| how long is the trachea | as long as a vertebrae's neck except in some birds |
| what is the trachea reinforced by | cartilagenous rings |
| what does the trachea split into | 2 primary bronchi |
| what does the trachea split into (birds) | syrinx forms at the split of the primary bronchi, used for song production |
| what is so special about some bird trachea | it is elongated for vocalization |
| order of reptile lung branching | trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchi , small air sacs |
| what type of lungs do snakes and sphenodons have | simple sacs |
| what type of lungs do lizards, crocodilians, and turtles have | septate lining w many chambers |
| how do crocodiles breathe | use a piston pump ventilation by contracting diaphragmatic muscle |
| what is special of the avian respiratory system | lungs are relatively rigid, relatively small lungs w 9 AIR SACS, air sacs are unique to birds |
| what do air sacs act as | bellows, moving air thru lungs |
| why is it important that air sacs connect w skeleton | form air pockets w bones and lighten them |
| what are the 9 air sacs of birds | one interclavicular sac, 2 cervical sacs, two anterior thoracic sac, 2 posterior thoracic sac, 2 abdominal sac |
| what is inhalation 1 do of birds | fresh air enters primary then meso bronchus to posterior air sacs |
| what does exhalation 1 do of birds | air moves thru meso dorsal bronchus and parabronchi |
| what does inhalation 2 do of birds | old air moves into anterior air sacs as new air is breathes into posterior air sacs |
| what does exhalation 2 do of birds | stale air is expelled from anterior air sacs |
| mammal lungs structure | multi chambered and usually divided into lobes |
| directionality of air flow in mammals | bidirectional |
| how is air exchanged in mammals | via negative pressure ventilation dt contraction/relaxation of the diaphragm |
| when is there not continuous ventilation of lungs in mammals | swallowing |
| what is the benefit of large nasal cavities and elaborate turbinate bones | large SA |
| what is the type of larynx in mammals | complete w vocal cords and thyroid cartilage |
| what happens to primary bronchi in mammals | enters the lungs |
| what is the specialization of mammal lungs | lobed and highly vascularized, greater sa than other vertebrates |
| what is the specialization of airways in mammals | lots of branching, w branchioles, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
| what does the diaphragm do in mammals | ventilates lungs remember ONLY mammals have a diaphragm |
| what adaptations to diving do whales have | since no swim bladder since they are mammals, increased hemoglobin, increased rbc volume hypersaturation of blood muscle with o2 glide to depths rather than active swim |
| what is an adaptation to the lung pertaining to diving in whales | lung can collapse, but trachea remains rigid |
| what is whales resp rate, and what does it signal | high rate of airflow in and out, and very efficient to help adapt to diving to such depths |
| why to cetaceans have such high breathing rates and high efficiencies | their lungs and airways are built to stay open, elastic, and resist collapse under pressure, allowing very fast, high-flow breathing. size also matters- bigger=better in terms of max capacity. |
| capacity of terrestrial mammals of tidal lung volumes | 10-15% |
| capacity of marine mammals of tidal lung volumes | 75% |
| capacity of total lung capacity in cetaceans | up to 90% |
Created by:
kavyasurav