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male reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| many physiologic disorders have a ____ impact on the male | psychologic |
| physical factors impacting the male reproductive: | aging, chronic disease, poor perfusion, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), inflammation, mobility issues |
| the normal prostate gland | donut-shaped and surrounds the urethra, located underneath the bladder and in front of the rectum |
| prostate gland function | produce seminal fluid necessary for ejaculation |
| What is in the seminal fluid secreted by the prostate gland? | prostate specific antigen (PSA) |
| What does PSA help do? | liquefy semen and assist with sperm motility |
| what happens to the prostate gland at ejaculation? | the seminal vesicles contract with the prostate to expel seminal fluid through the urethra |
| prostatitis | inflammation at the prostate gland |
| acute bacterial prostatitis | least common |
| chronic bacterial prostatitis | often with recurrent UTIs |
| chronic/chronic pelvic pain syndrome prostatitis | most common; inflammatory or noninflammatory; may be autoimmune response |
| asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis | inflammation without genitourinary symptoms |
| clinical manifestations of prostatitis | fever, chills, arthralgia, low back pain, pelvic pain, perineal fullness, dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency (usually at night), painful ejaculation, foul smelling urine, hematuria, or semen-tinged urine |
| prostatitis diagnosis | digital rectal examination (DRE), urinalysis, urine culture, semen analysis, CT, needle biopsy |
| what usually makes males suspect prostatitis? | changes in the urinary pattern |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia pathophysiology | increased estrogen with aging or higher estrogen than testosterone leads to BPH, increased sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which mediates prostatic growth |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia clinical manifestations | related to obstruction, difficulty starting the flow of urine even with straining, hematuria, weak urine flow, multiple interruptions of urine flow, feeling bladder fullness, nocturia, dribbling once urination is complete |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) diagnosis | digital rectal exam, PSA level |
| most common cancer in men | prostate cancer |
| where to prostate cancer tumors tend to develop? | on periphery gland and are not obstructive |
| prostate cancer clinical manifestations | local prostate cancer may be asymptomatic, frequent urination/ weak urine flow/ urinary frequency, especially at night/ blood in the semen/ erectile dysfunction/ dysuria/ discomfort while sitting |
| prostate cancer diagnosis | digital rectal exam, PSA levels, tissue biopsy, gleason scoring system, tissue samples taken from two different sites and are graded separately |
| gleason scoring system | grade 1 (well differentiated) to grade 5 (poorly differentiated with poor prognosis) |
| prostate cancer treatment | surgery, radiation, other treatments |
| prostate cancer treatment: surgery | radical prostatectomy: surgical removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. if necessary, the pelvic lymph nodes are also removed |
| prostate cancer treatment: radiation | non-surgical option for clients wanting to avoid surgery and whom the surgeon feels may benefit |
| prostate cancer treatment: other treatments | cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen used to freeze the prostate); ablative hormone therapy (testosterone suppression for bone metastases); chemotherapy |
| the normal testes: male gonads location | central to male reproductive system and endocrine system, contained in the scrotum |
| the normal testes: male gonads primary function | to produce sperm and testosterone |
| cryptorchidism | testis fail to properly descend into scrotum |
| ectopic testes | testis positioned outside scrotum |
| what do disorders of the testes and scrotum-congenital cause? | degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis is impaired; risk of testicular cancer is increased significantly if treatment not done by age 5 |
| hydrocele scrotum | occurs when excessive fluid collects in space between layer of the tunica vaginalis of scrotum |
| hydrocele scrotum may occur as? | congenital defect in newborn, or be acquired as result of injury, infection, or tumor |
| hydrocele scrotum may compromise? | blood supply or lymph drainage in testes |
| varicocele | enlargement or dilation of the veins in the scrotum; may cause fertility issues; reduce blood flow to the testes |
| spermatocele | epididymis cyst that is usually painless and noncancerous |
| testicular torsion | testes rotate on spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins |
| intravaginal testicular torsion | the tunica vaginalis is genetically set too high, allowing the spermatic cord to rotate |
| extravaginal testicular torsion | the tunica vaginalis is not yet firmly secured, the tunica vaginalis and spermatic cord twist as a unit |
| testicular torsion pathphysiology | ischemia develops, scrotum swell; testes might infarction if torsion is not reduced |
| how is testicular torsion treated? | manually or cirurgical |
| epididymitis | inflammation of the epididymis; may be acute or chronic; infectious process but difficult to identify the infectious agent |
| orchitis | inflammation of one or both of the testes |
| orchitis causes | may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection; viral cases usually from STIs and bacterial usually occurs in sexually active men with BPH |
| epididymitis clinical manifestations | pain and swelling over several days |
| orchitis clinical manifestations | sudden symptoms and include swelling in one or both testicles, pain, tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting |
| epididymitis and orchitis diagnosis | sexually transmitted infection screening, urinalysis, ultrasound |
| testicular cancer | exact cause unknown, affect 1:300 people, young healthy men |
| testicular cancer risk factors | history of mumps infection, low birth weight, trauma to the testes, a family history of testicular cancer, cryptochordism (missing one or both of the testes), age, congenital abnormalities, white ethnicity |
| testicular cancer manifestations | dull ache in the groin, painless lump that may have swelling, enlargement, or hardening of the testes; gynecomastia; with metastasis, men may have shortness of breath, masses of the neck, or back pain |
| testicular cancer diagnosis | palpation of the testes, abdomen, and lymph nodes, testicular ultrasound, CT, staging I-IV |
| epispadias | urethral opening on ventral or upper surface of the penis |
| hypospadias | urethral opening on the dorsal (underside) of the penis |
| what may epispadias and hypospadias result in? | incontinence or infection |
| epispadias and hypospadias treatment | surgical reconstruction |
| priapism | prolonged erection that occurs for hours, painful condition of blood not being able to leave the penis |
| priapism is more common in? | males with sickle cell disease, uncommon in the general population |
| priapism other causes | blood disorders, prescription medications (antidepressants and blood thinners), erectile dysfunction medications, spider and scorpion bites, spinal cord injury, gout, penile cancer |
| peyronie disease is caused by? | fibrous plaque that affects the tunica albuginea, causing the penis to curve or ben |
| peyronie disease etiology | unkown, but may involve prior injury to the penis or an autoimmune disease |
| peyronie disease: bend in the penis causes? | painful erections |
| most common male sexual disorder | erectile dysfunction |
| erectile dysfunction occurs in? | men of all ages and may be chronic, intermittent, or episodic |
| erectile dysfunction | inability to maintain or sustain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory intercourse |
| erectile dysfunction etiology and pathogenesis | a disruption of the normal neurovascular event requiring functional autonomic and somatic nerves, smooth and striated muscles in the penile shaft and pelvic floor, and adequate arterial blood flow |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: vascular | atherosclerosis, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, stroke |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: neurologic | multiple sclerosis, nerve disease, parkinson disease, spinal cord injury |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: urologic | direct injury to the penis that affects the nerves or vascular supply, hypospadias and epispadias, kidney failure, peyronie disease |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: endocrine | abnormal prolactin levels, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, low testosterone levels, thyroid disease |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: respiratory | copd, obstructive sleep apnea |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: iatrogenic, medications | antidepressants, antihistamines, antihypertensives, appetite suppressants, cimetidine, tranquilizers |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: iatrogenic, procedures | bladder surgery, colon surgery, pelvic radiation or surgery, radical prostatectomy, spinal cord surgery |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: lifestyle related | alcohol use, excessive caffeine use, illicit drug use, lack of physical activity, obesity/ overweight, tobacco use |
| common causes of erectile dysfunction: psychologic | anxiety, depression, fatigue, fear of sexual failure, guilt, low self esteem, relationship problems, stress |
| erectile dysfunction diagnosis | physical examination and report of symptoms |
| erectile dysfunction treatment | prevention with lifestlye changes: diet, exercise, healthy body weight, alcohol and tobacco abstinence; pharmacologic: sildenafil (viagra), tadalafil (cialis) |
Created by:
camrynfoster