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digestion cva
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is digestive tract | tube from mouth to anus |
| what are the 4 main functions of the digestive tract | ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| what are the 6 main divisions of the digestive system | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, cloaca/anus |
| whose digestive system has food readily absorbed | hummingbirds/species that only need to digest simple foods, like glucose |
| whose digestive system needs a lot of enzymatic activity | herbivores |
| who needs constant food, and who needs scattered food supply | herbivores vs carnivores |
| what is embryonic digestive tract derived from | archentron |
| what are the 3 regions of the digestive system in embryos | foregut (oral cav, pharynx, esoph, stom, small int) midgut (yolk sac) hindgut (large int, cloaca) |
| where does the oral cavity start and end | start at mouth and end at pharynx |
| what is the palate | roof of oral cavity |
| what is 1° palate | internal nares lead into the oral cavity and open there (fish amphibians and some reptiles) |
| what is 2° palate | nasal passages are located above the secondary palate and open at the end of the end of the oral cavity (some reptiles and mammals) |
| what is suspension/filter feeding | filter small particles out of water column |
| what is suction feeding | open mouth and suck out food |
| what is ram feeding | open mouth and swim over food |
| what is inertial feeding | inertia of food is used to move it into oral cavity (think pulling head back and moving the food that way) |
| what are teeth derivations of | dermal armor |
| gnathostome fish and primitive amphibians tongue | tongue is simple crescent shaped elevation caused by hyoid skeleton, NOT MUSCULAR |
| amphibian tongue (most) | they have a primary tongue (hypobranchial eminence) and a glandular field (tuberculum impar) [these are embryonic swellings] one in the back and side, one in the front |
| what is the amphibian tongue stuffed with | hypobranchial musculature |
| bird tongue | lateral lingual swellings are suppressed and intrinsic muscle is usually lacking since the tuberculum imprar doesnt overdevelop |
| reptiles and mammal tongue | primary tongue, glandular fields, and large lateral lingual swellings, more hypobranchial musculature |
| strength of lateral lingual swellings | give a fleshy, flexible anterior tongue |
| presence of intrinsic muscles | allow shape-changing, curling, precision |
| mobility of tongue ranked | Fish → Birds (most species) → Amphibians → Turtles/Crocs → Lizards/Snakes → Mammals |
| what is mammal tongue attached w | lingual frenulum (think frenectomy!!!!) |
| tongue function: capturing and gathering food can be done by | woodpecker and some reptiles |
| what are some other functions of the tongue | taste manipulate fluids and solids in oral cavity swallowing thermoreg grooming human speech |
| list of oral glands | salivary, parotids, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, buccal, molar |
| salivary glands func | making of food into a slippery bolus (to not damage the mucosa), coats oral cavity and esophagus (food no touch epitheleal cells), moistens dry food- tasting, oral hygiene, lysozome- bacteria that helps with excess overgrowth of oral microbes |
| what do salivary glands do cont | starch digestion (salivary amylase [not in carnivores]), provides alkaloine buffering and fluid, great importance for ruminants, non secretory forestomachs |
| what is non secretory forestomachs in ruminants | the first three chambers of the ruminant stomach that do NOT secrete digestive enzymes or acid (think cows and similar herbivores) |
| saliva helps with __________, since dogs have poorly developed sweat glands | evaporative cooling |
| which species have poison in their salivary glands | snakes, lizards, and mammals |
| which species have an anticoagulant (anti clotting agent) in their salivary glands | vampire bat and lamprey- helps keep blood coming from the victim's body |
| what is the pharynx in fish | a respiratory organ |
| what is the pharynx in tetrapods | part of the foregut that leads into the esophagus and has the glottis, openings of eustachian tubes, and opening into esophagus |
| where is the epiglottis in mammals | over the glottis, swallowing draws the larynx against the epiglottis, prevents liquids and foods from entering the trachea remember, only mammals have this structure |
| what is a crop | a part of the esophagus in grain and seed eating birds and other vertebrates- food storage and food softening |
| cyclostome stomach | weakly developed, similar to esophagus |
| fish stomach | increasing specialization |
| vertebrae stomachs- amphibians and reptiles | increasing specialization (more diff from the esophagus) |
| bird stomach parts | proventriculus [glandular stomach] (think of area of hiatal hernia ish) produces acid gizzard (muscular stomach) grinds food |
| mammal stomachs | well dvlp, ruminants have multi chamber stomachs |
| the chambers of ruminant stomachs | rumen, reticulum, omasun, abomasum (true stomach since it secretes enzymes) |
| what do the intestines do | important site for digestion and absorption |
| fish intestine | relatively straight and short intestine in cartilaginous fishes and primitive bony fishes |
| amophibian intestine | now differentiated into small and large, coiled small intestine and short straight large intestine |
| bird intestine | coiled small intestine, relatively small large intestine since it empties into cloaca |
| mammal intestine | 3 parts dji |
| what does small intestine do | nutrient absorption |
| large intestine in a mammal | colon- relatively long, has the cecum and the veriform appendix, and the rectum |
| where is cecum | junc of small and large intestines |
| where is the veriform appendix | extends from the cecum, tube w a lot of lymph tissue |
| what does large intestine primarily do | water absorption |
| digestive accessory organs | liver and gallblader- liver produce bile, galbaldder stores it pancreas- secrete pancreatic juice into intestine |
| what does bile do | emulsify fats |
| who lacks a gall bladder | cyclostomes, most birds, and some mammals lack a gall bladder |
| what does pancreatic juice do | neutralize stomach acid plus enzymes to help digestion of carbs, fats and proteins |
| what is pancreatic juice | a bicarbonate soln |
| what is cloaca | chamber at the end of digestive tract |
| what does the cloaca get | gets intestine, urinary, and genital ducts, and opens to the exterior via the vent |
| cloaca in different groups of animals | Shallow or non-existent in lampreys, ray-finned fishes, and mammals (except monotremes) |
| grazing mammal 2 types of digestion | foregut fermentation, hindgut fermentation |
| what are foregut fermenters | artiodactyls (even toed ungulates) pigs, deer, camels, sheep, cattle |
| what is the digestion process of ruminants | eat first, chew later, long processing time, food is digested twice (chew cud) |
| digestion process of a cow in detail | chews lightly then swallows food is regurgitated and rumination begins (chewing cud): add saliva; neutralizes acidity (so digestive bacteria are not killed) grinds food more thoroughly reduces foam in stomach |
| what are rumen and reticulum in ruminants | bacterial fermentation vats- reticulum helps decide whether to ruminate or pass food to omasum, omasum is where water potassium and sodium are absorbed |
| what does abomasum do | decomposes protein (very acidic comp to others) |
| what happens in small intestine of ruminant | nutrients are broken down and absorbed, amino acids and water are absorbed, ph INCREASES |
| who are hindgut fermenters | perissodactyls = odd-toed ungulates tapirs, rhinos, horses, zebras |
| traits of hindgut fermenters | LACK chambered stomach caecum/colon are very long, sac-like caecum and colon involved in bacterial breakdown of food shorter digestion times |
| horse is a __________ herbivore | NON ruminant |
| why is horse special in digestion | no multi chamber stomach, small, most carb and amino acid absorption happen in small intestine |
| cecum in horses | breaks down remaining food, especially fibrous material filled with bacteria to aid digestion vitamins, fatty acids, water absorbed in colon |
| rabbit digestive system | stomach and cecum are larger, small intestine is smaller |
| rabbit feces and why its special | produces 2 types of feces, re-eats soft feces and redigests material within, the actual waste is hard feces |
| digestion in owls and why special | swallow food whole, no CROP, food directly to stomach which has proventriculus (glandular) and gizzard (muscular) [as birds do] |
| proventriculus | mucus, acid secretion, enzymes digestion starts here |
| gizzard | no digestive glands undigestible parts stored temporarily, then regurgitated as owl pellets soft parts ground up and passed to intestines |
Created by:
kavyasurav