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Islam
The Crusades
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Crusades | A series of religious and political wars 1096-1280 CE launched by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslims |
| Seljuk Turks | Muslim dynasty that ruled part of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th century to the 14th century; they fought the Christians in the First Crusade |
| sultan | Seljuk leader; “holder of the power”; The supreme rule of the Muslim state |
| Byzantine Empire | The Christian empire in eastern Europe that requested the help from the pope when the Seljuks threatened Constantinople |
| Constantinople | Capital of the Byzantine Empire and a major Christian city threatened by the Seljuks |
| Christians | A believer in Christianity |
| Holy Land | The city of Jerusalem and the surrounding areas during the Middle Ages; land sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims |
| Jerusalem | Holy city for Jews, Christians & Muslims; city located in the Holy Land |
| Dome of the Rock | mosque in Jerusalem where Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to heaven; architecture includes mosaics and other Byzantine features |
| Pope Urban II | Head of the Catholic Church from 1088-1099; best known for initiating the Crusades; calling all Christians in Europe to war against the Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of “God wills it!” |
| Red Cross | The emblem worn on Crusaders’ tunics as a symbol of their mission; it represented sacrifice, religious duty, and devotion to the cause |
| First Crusade s | The first military expedition (1096–1099) where Christians captured Jerusalem and created Crusader kingdom |
| Second Crusade | Crusade (1146–1148) launched after Muslims captured Edessa; ended in Christian defeat |
| Third Crusade | Crusade (1189–1192) launched after Saladin captured Jerusalem; ended in a peace treaty allowing Christian pilgrims to enter Jerusalem |
| Salah al-Din | Also known as Saladin; Muslim sultan of Egypt and Syria who famously defeated a massive army of Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and captured the city of Jerusalem in 1187; he ruled a unified Muslim region stretching from Egypt to Arabia |
| King Richard | King of England from 1189-1199; Richard the Lionheart; king during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign & achieving considerable victories against the Muslims, Saladin, he finalized a peace treaty & ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem |
| Reconquista | a series of campaigns marked by Christian re-conquest of Christian territory that had been seized by the Muslim kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula |
| Iberian Peninsula | peninsula in southwestern Europe, occupied by Spain and Portugal |
| Inquisition | A judicial body established by the roman Catholic Church to combat forms of religious error |
| muslin | Cotton fabric from Persia |
| Jew | A believer in Judaism |
| synagogue | Jewish house of worship |
| anti-Semitism | Hostility or discrimination against Jews |
| segregation | The forced separation of one group from the rest of a community |
| ghetto | a part of a town or city in which people of a particular race or religion are forced by law to live |
Created by:
jenine.haines