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EXAM PREP 4
Abdominal Sonography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the best acoustic window to image the left hemidiaphragm? | Spleen |
| Which disease process(es) can result in major focal defects in the spleen? | Cysts, tumors, & Infarctions |
| Which statement is TRUE concerning lymphoma and the spleen? | The spleen is commonly involved in lymphoma. |
| What is the major function of the spleen? | to filter the peripheral blood |
| What are the normal functions of the spleen? | Production of plasma cells, Production of lymphocytes, and Destruction of worn red blood cels |
| What describes a spleen that has migrated from its normal location? | Wandering Spleen |
| What are the most common benign neoplasms in the spleen? | Cavernous Hemangiomas, Hamartomas, and Cystic Lymphangiomas |
| Patients with right-sided heart failure and elevated systemic venous pressure may develop which medical condition? | Splenic Congestion |
| Which statement describes the correct anatomic location of structures adjacent to the spleen? | The left kidney lies inferior and medial to the spleen |
| What other areas of the body should be examined when ruling out a splenic rupture? | The liver and lesser sac, renal gutters, and pelvis |
| In the adult, splenomegaly is diagnosed when the length of the organ excedes what length measurement? | 13cm |
| Complete the following sentence: True (Primary) cysts of the spleen are..... | More common in young females |
| Which condition(s) is/are associated with splenomegaly? | AIDS, Metastatic disease, and inflammatory process |
| Which term(s) describe(s) the shape of the spleen? | tetrahedral, orange segment, and triangular |
| Splenomegaly may displace the left kidney in which direction? | Inferiorly |
| Which primary tumors may metastasize to the spleen? | Melanoma, ovarian, and lung |
| What is the normal sonographic echo texture of the spleen? | homogeneous with an internal echo texture similar to the liver |
| Where are accessory spleens usually located? | near the hilum of the spleen |
| Which statement(s) about the spleen is/are TRUE? | prominent bulge along medial surface of spleen seen in normal patients, normal-sized spleen shouldn't extend caudal to midportion of left kidney, and The sonographic texture of the normal spleen is homogeneous and similar to that of the normal liver |
| What is the primary function of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES)? | defense against infections and synthesis of blood proteins |
| What is one of the functions of the spleen during the early part of fetal life? | it is active in hematopoietic activity |
| What describes a chronic disease of unknown etiology that involves all bone marrow elements and results in overproduction of red blood cells, which then damages the spleen with infarctions and thromboses? | polycythemia vera |
| What type of hematoma leaves the splenic capsule intact? | subcapsular |
| A splenic rupture has been reported in patients with which medical condition? | cavernous hemangioma |
| Which conditions may result in atrophy of the spleen? | Normal individuals, wasting diseases, and sickle cell anemia |
| What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis? | Gallstones |
| What is the duct of Santorini? | accessory duct to the pancreas |
| Which term describes a congenital anomaly manifested by the head of the pancreas encircling the duodenum? | Annular Pancreas |
| The pancreas is located posterior to which omental sac? | Lesser |
| What is the sonographic appearance of the pancreas in cases of acute pancreatitis? | Enlarged and hypoechoic |
| Gallstones are present in 40% to 60% of patients with which disease of the pancreas? | Acute Pancreatitis |
| The splenic vein is considered to be which border of the pancreas? | Posteromedial |
| Which pancreatic enzyme remains elevated over a period time in laboratory tests for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? | Lipase |
| What kind of gland, as far as its location is concerned, is the pancreas? | Retroperitoneal |
| What structure is the location where the main pancreatic duct receives tributaries and enters the medial, second part of the duodenum, along with the common bile duct? | ampulla of Vater |
| Which artery provides blood to the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, and parts of the stomach? | gastroduodenal artery (GDA) |
| Which abdominal structure passes through a groove posterior to the pancreatic head? | common bile duct |
| Which term best describes a collection of pancreatic enzymes that have seeped from the gland and formed a sterile abscess in the abdominal cavity? | pancreatic pseudocyst |
| Within the pancreas, the main pancreatic duct joins which structure before entering the duodenum? | secondary pancreatic duct |
| What glandular structures within the pancreas are involved in the endocrine function of the gland? | islets of Langerhans |
| Which abdominal structure is the anterolateral border of the pancreas? | gastroduodenal artery |
| The head of the pancreas lies in which abdominal structure? | C-loop of the duodenum |
| What is the normal size of the pancreatic head? | < 3.0 cm |
| The secondary pancreatic duct drains which part of the gland? | upper anterior head |
| Which mesenteric blood vessel passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to the neck of the pancreas? | superior mesenteric vein |
| What is the anatomical location of the pancreatic tail? | anterior to the left kidney, near the splenic hilum |
| The head of the pancreas is inferior to which abdominal structure? | Caudate lobe |
| What is a common area where pancreatic enzymes can collect after escaping the organ's capsule? | Lesser Sac |
| What internal pancreatic structures determines the organ's echogenicity? | fat between the lobules |
| In a transverse imaging plane, if the celiac axis is well visualized, the sonographer should move the transducer in which direction to image the pancreas? | Inferior |
| What is a hereditary condition that causes increased secretion of abnormal mucus by the endocrine glands in the pancreas, as well as in other endocrine glands? | cystic fibrosis |
| What is another name for the primary pancreatic duct? | Duct of Wirsung |
| What is the normal diameter of the main pancreatic duct? | < 2.0 mm |
| A herniation of the bladder wall | Bladder Diverticulum |
| Benign fatty tumor of the kidney | Angiomyolipoma |
| Acute renal failure (ARF) is typically an abrupt transient decrease in renal function that is often preceded with which medical condition? | Oliguria |
| A cortical bulge in the lateral border of the kidney | Dromedary Hump |
| Most echogenic part of the normal kidney | Sinus |
| Which urinary system disease will result in non-visualization of the ureteral jets? | Ureteral Obstruction |
| The abnormal fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys | Horseshoe Kidney |
| What is the left renal vein's anatomic relationship to the abdominal aorta? | Anterior to aorta |
| True statements about kidneys | Consist of an internal medullary and external cortical substance Rest on the psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles Renal pyramids are found within the medullary region |
| Which condition can result in nonobstructive hydronephrosis? | Pregnancy |
| Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) commonly invades the IVC via which route? | Renal vein |
| What is the most common solid renal malignancy found in childhood? | Wilms' Tumor |
| The physiologic process of disposing of metabolic waste | Excretion |
| The sonographic appearance of pyonephrosis | Low-level echoes with a fluid-debris level |
| More true statements about the kidneys | Average adult kidney measures 9-12 cm in length Usually move with respiration Anteroposterior thickness is 4-5cm |
| Renal vein thrombosis may be visualized in patients with which patholgical condition? | Renal cell carcinoma |
| A central cystic region that extends beyond the medial renal border? | Extrarenal Pelvis |
| In which body cavity are the kidneys normally located? | Retroperitoneal |
| What is the most common correctable cause of hypertension? | Renal Artery Stenosis |
| What disease is characterized with dilation of the renal pelvis and associated thinning of the renal cortex? | Hydronephrosis |
| Renal disorders that produce a complex sonographic appearance | Infected cyst, hemorrhagic cyst, hematoma |
| What artery is seen posterior to the IVC in a sagittal view? | Right renal artery |
| Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease (ADPKD) | Latent disease and does not manifest itself until the third or fourth decade of life -bilateral disease -may be associated with cysts in the liver, pancreas, and spleen |
| How many grades of hydronephrosis can be used to classify the severity of renal dilation? | Four |
| What are the preferred patient positions for imaging the renal arteries? | Supine and left lateral decubitus |
| Conditions that can lead to a false-positive diagnosis of hydronephrosis | Reflux, extrarenal pelvis, and parapelvic cysts |
| Common sonographic finding in the kidneys of people over the age of 50 | Simple renal cyst |
| Pus in a dilated collecting system | Pyonephrosis |
| A renal sonogram is performed on a normal kidney and numerous hypoechoic areas within the renal medulla are noted. What are these structures? | Renal pyramids |
| What is the most common benign tumor of the spleen? | Hemangioma |
| What is considered an erthyropoietic abnormality of the spleen? | Hemolytic Anemia |
| What are the causes of splenic congestion? | Right heart failure and portal hypertension |
| What prior conditions can cause granuloma in the spleen? | Histoplasmosis and tuberculosis |
| Whats the one thing we better know or we will get destroyed? | Splenic infarction |
| Where is the most common location where emboli comes from and goes to the spleen? | The heart |
| Condition associated with an excess of red blood cells and splenomegaly? | Polycthemia Vera |
| What is the most common cause of splenic infarction? | Cardiac emboli |
| What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis? | Gallstones |
| Which lab value elevates earlier and stays elevated longer in cases of pancreatitis? | Lipase |
| What is a complication of chronic pancreatitis? | Pseudocyst |
| What is the most common malignant neoplasm in the pancreas? | Adenocarcinoma |
| What sonographic findings are associated with carcinoma of the pancreas? | Dilated CBD, gallbladder hydrops, and liver metastases |
| What is responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas? | Islets of Langerhans |
| Acute pancreatitis is caused by inflammation of the? | Acini cells |
| What renal abnormality can mimic hydronephrosis? | Parapelvic cyst |
| What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the kidney? | Renal cell carcinoma |
| What imaging findings of AML on CT would confirm diagnosis? | AML appears darker on CT |
| What may indicate acute renal failure? | Oliguria |
| Which term describes the sonographic appearance of pyonephrosis? | Low level echoes with a fluid-debris level |
| Whihc of the following lab values could indicate renal dysfunction? | Elevated creatinine |
| Which measurement of the spleen would indicate splenomegaly in an adult? | Long axis > 13cm |
| Which of the following pathologies would indicate further investigation of the renal vein? | Renal cell carcinoma |
| Which body cavity contains the normal kidneys? | Retroperitoneal |
| What term describes a central cystic region that extends beyond the medial renal border? | Extrarenal pelvis |
| Dilation of the calyces and renal pelvis without dilation of the ureter would indicate obstruction at the? | Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) |
| What type of hematoma leaves the splenic capsule intact? | Subcapsular |
| What is the most common location for a pancreatic pseudocyst? | Lesser sac |
| Which of the following is the most common solid endocrine tumor of the pancreas? | Insulinoma |
| What is the name of the main pancreatic duct? | Wirsung |
| Which disease process will result in non-function of the affected kidney? | Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney |
| What is the most common solid renal mass in children? | Nephroblastoma |
| Sickle cell anemia can present sonographically as? | Splenomegaly |
| What condition can lead to an autosplenectomy? | Sickle cell anemia |
Created by:
marissagirl