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chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| According to the Mandate of Heaven, when can people overthrow the emperor? | People can overthrow an emperor when he rules badly or if a natural disaster happened. |
| What is a bureaucracy? What happened when the bureaucracy in China became corrupt? | A bureaucracy is an organization of workers with levels of authority. Rules did apply to everyone, so they ended up not working well. |
| What happened to China when the Han dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven? Who reunited China? | Heavy taxes caused the Han dynasty to lose the Mandate of Heaven. The Sui dynasty reunited North and South China. |
| Who were scholar-officials? | Scholar-officials were people that had government jobs that they got through examinations. |
| What was the examination for scholar-officials based on? | The examination for scholar-officials were based on the teachings of Confucius. |
| Why did the Civil Service Exam favor aristocrats more than common people? | Aristocrats were wealthy so they could afford the tutors, books, and time to study for the examinations. |
| According to emperors and scholars, knowledge of Confucius would produce what type of goverment official? | Knowledge of Confucius would produce government officials that were rational, moral, and could maintain order. |
| Why did people want government jobs? | People wanted government jobs because they were respected and excused from taxes and military service. |
| Whom did Kublai Khan choose to fill important government positions? | Kublai Khan appointed relatives, other Mongols, and trusted foreigners to important government positions. |
| What happened to Chinese scholars during the Mongol rule? | During the Mongol rule, Chinese scholars worked only as teachers and minor government officials. |
| How did the process of becoming a government official change during the Song period? | The exams were opened to many more candidates, allowing people from lower classes to become officials through merit. |
| After the Mongols conquered China, how did they divide Chinese society? | Mongols Foreigners Northern Chinese Southern Chinese |
| Why did Kublai Khan end the system of civil service exams? | Because he didn’t believe Confucian learning was needed and didn’t want to rely on Chinese officials. |
| Why did the Mongols eventually reinstate the Civil Service Exam? | Because they did not have enough capable administrators and needed trained people to run a complex government. |
| What led to the downfall of the Mongol empire? | Fighting among Mongol leaders, corruption, and rebellions by the Chinese. |
| Who ruled China after the Mongols? | The Ming dynasty. |
| How did the Civil Service Exam keep China from progressing? | It focused only on Confucian learning and ignored science, math, and engineering, keeping skilled people out of government and discouraging trade and innovation. |
| Qin Shihuangdi | Definition: The first emperor of China (r. 221–210 BCE) Significance: Created China’s first centralized imperial government, built major parts of the Great Wall. |
| Imperial form of government | Definition: A system in which an emperor holds supreme power over a unified empire. Significance: Became the dominant political structure in China for over 2,000 years. |
| Dynasty | Definition: A ruling family whose power is passed from generation to generation. Significance: Chinese history is organized by dynasties |
| Mandate of Heaven | Definition: The belief that heaven grants a dynasty the right to rule. Significance: natural disasters or rebellions signaled loss of the mandate. |
| Han dynasty | Definition: Dynasty following the Qin (206 BCE–220 CE). Significance: Considered a golden age; expanded territory, strengthened bureaucracy, and promoted Confucianism. |
| Bureaucracy | Definition: A system of government with appointed officials who handle specialized tasks. Significance: Became the backbone of Chinese imperial administration and allowed a massive empire to function. |
| Warlords | Definition: Military leaders who control regions by forceSignificance: Their rise contributed to the fall of dynasties |
| Sui dynasty | Definition: Short-lived dynasty (581–618 CE) that reunified China after centuries of division. Significance: Built the Grand Canal and set the stage for the prosperous Tang dynasty. |
| Li Yuan | Definition: Founder of the Tang dynasty (Emperor Gaozu). Significance: Reestablished central control and ushered in a long period of stability and cultural flowering. |
| Tang dynasty | Definition: Dynasty ruling from 618–907 CE. Significance: One of China’s greatest eras—expansion, strong government, flourishing arts, and revival of the civil service exam. |
| Aristocracy | Definition: A ruling class of noble families who gain power through birth and land ownership. Significance: Often dominated government positions |
| Civil Service Examination | Definition: A Confucian-based testing system used to select government officials. Significance: Encouraged educated governance and offered some social mobility based on knowledge, not birth. |
| Problem with the Civil Service Exam | Definition: Exams often favored wealthy families with resources to train sons in classical texts. Significance: Limited true social mobility and allowed aristocrats or elites to dominate official posts. |
| Song dynasty | Definition: Dynasty from 960–1279 CE. Significance: advanced technology expanded trade, and saw huge economic growth. |
| Meritocracy | Definition: A system in which officials are chosen based on ability or merit rather than birth. Significance: Became a central ideal of Chinese government, especially under the Song. |
| Neo-Confucianism | Definition: A revival and reinterpretation of Confucian thought blending Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist ideas. Significance: Became the philosophical basis for education and the civil service exams for centuries. |
| the Four Books | Definition: Key Confucian texts selected by Zhu Xi as the foundation for education and civil service exams.Significance: Shaped Chinese intellectual life and official ideology from the Song onward. |
| Yuan dynasty | Definition: Dynasty established by the Mongols under Kublai Khan (1271–1368 CE). Significance: First foreign-led dynasty in China; altered government structure and restricted Chinese participation in top offices. |
| Four classes | Definition: Social hierarchy used by the Mongols: Significance Mongols Foreigners (e.g., Central Asians) Northern Chinese Southern Chinese |
| Ming dynasty | Definition: Dynasty ruling from 1368–1644 CE after overthrowing the Mongols. Significance: Restored native Chinese rule, revived the civil service exam, completed the Great Wall, and sponsored voyages of Zheng He. |
Created by:
erenyeager