a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons, releasing energy that cells use to synthesize ATP

the loss of electrons from a molecule

the gain of electrons by a molecule

a mnemonic device for redox reactions. (Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain)

an electron carrier that gets reduced into NADH when it gains electrons and a proton from glucose

high-energy electron carriers that deliver electrons to the ETC

the first step of Cellular Respiration. It is an anaerobic process that uses glucose and two ATP as well as NAD+ via photosynthesis. It splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm. producing a net gain of 2 ATP and a total of 4 ATP

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

ATP production directly transferring a phosphate from a substrate to ADP (steals)

The step linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle where pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, producing CO₂ and NADH.

The 2-carbon molecule that enters the Krebs cycle after pyruvate oxidation.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that completes the oxidation of acetyl-CoA and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ and CO2.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons down an energy-releasing gradient toward oxygen.

Oxygen (Final electron acceptor of ETC)

The molecule at the end of the ETC that accepts electrons and forms water.

The process in which a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

An enzyme that uses the flow of protons down their gradient to spin and produce ATP from ADP and Pi.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP synthesis powered by the energy from electron transport and chemiosmosis using inorganic phosphate.

Proton Gradient (Proton-Motive Force)

The buildup of H⁺ ions in the intermembrane space that stores potential energy for ATP production.

Anaerobic process that regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue, producing either ethanol or lactic acid.

Fermentation that produces ethanol and CO₂; occurs in yeast and some bacteria.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Fermentation that produces lactate; occurs in human muscle cells without oxygen.

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis inhibited by high ATP and citrate, and activated by AMP when energy is low.

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AP BIO CELL REP

Term	Definition
Redox Reaction	a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons, releasing energy that cells use to synthesize ATP
Oxidation	the loss of electrons from a molecule
Reduction	the gain of electrons by a molecule
OIL RIG	a mnemonic device for redox reactions. (Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain)
NAD+	an electron carrier that gets reduced into NADH when it gains electrons and a proton from glucose
NADH/FADH2	high-energy electron carriers that deliver electrons to the ETC
Glycolysis	the first step of Cellular Respiration. It is an anaerobic process that uses glucose and two ATP as well as NAD+ via photosynthesis. It splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm. producing a net gain of 2 ATP and a total of 4 ATP
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	ATP production directly transferring a phosphate from a substrate to ADP (steals)
Pyruvate Oxidation	The step linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle where pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, producing CO₂ and NADH.
Aceytal-CoA	The 2-carbon molecule that enters the Krebs cycle after pyruvate oxidation.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)	A series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that completes the oxidation of acetyl-CoA and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ and CO2.
Electron Transport Chain	A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons down an energy-releasing gradient toward oxygen.
Oxygen (Final electron acceptor of ETC)	The molecule at the end of the ETC that accepts electrons and forms water.
Chemiosmosis	The process in which a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
ATP Synthase	An enzyme that uses the flow of protons down their gradient to spin and produce ATP from ADP and Pi.
Oxidative Phosphorylation	ATP synthesis powered by the energy from electron transport and chemiosmosis using inorganic phosphate.
Proton Gradient (Proton-Motive Force)	The buildup of H⁺ ions in the intermembrane space that stores potential energy for ATP production.
Fermentation	Anaerobic process that regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue, producing either ethanol or lactic acid.
Alcohol Fermentation	Fermentation that produces ethanol and CO₂; occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
Lactic Acid Fermentation	Fermentation that produces lactate; occurs in human muscle cells without oxygen.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)	Key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis inhibited by high ATP and citrate, and activated by AMP when energy is low.

Created by: seemrahi

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