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unit 3 ap human geo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cultural regions | an area where people share one or more distinct cultural traits—such as language, religion, food traditions, social norms, or history. These regions help geographers understand how culture is organized, spreads, and varies across space. |
| cultural traits | specific characteristic of a culture that is shared, practiced, or recognized by a group of people. It is one building block of a culture. Cultural traits can be behaviors, beliefs, objects, or practices that distinguish one culture from another. |
| culture hearth | the origin or birthplace of a major culture, where ideas, innovations, and cultural traits first develop and then spread to other areas. It is the starting point for cultural diffusion. |
| taboos | cultural or social prohibition against certain actions, behaviors, foods, or practices that a society considers unacceptable, inappropriate, or forbidden. Taboos are often tied to religion, morality, or social norms. |
| traditional culture | a group’s long-established customs, beliefs, and practices that are passed down from generation to generation |
| folk cultures | The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change |
| Indigenous cultures | When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language, |
| Globalization | process by which businesses, cultures, ideas, technologies, and people spread across the world, creating greater interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and societies |
| cultural landscape | visible imprint of human activity on the natural environment. It reflects the interactions between people and their environment, including land use, architecture, agriculture, religion, and cultural practices. |
| placelessness | the loss of uniqueness of a place, where a location looks or feels like many other places due to standardized landscapes, architecture, and cultural influences. It is often caused by globalization, urbanization, and modern development. |
| urbanization | process by which an increasing percentage of a population lives in cities and urban areas. It is usually driven by economic, social, and technological changes, and often leads to the growth of towns and metropolitan areas. |
| built environment | human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, including buildings, roads, bridges, parks, and other infrastructure. It reflects a society’s technology, culture, and economic development. |
| Ethnicity | social group with a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, religion, or history. Members of an ethnic group identify with one another through these shared traits, which often create a sense of community and belonging. |
| ethnic enclaves | clusters of people of the same culture-that are often surrounded by people of the dominant culture in the region |
| Cultural regions | an area where people share one or more distinct cultural traits, such as language, religion, traditions, or social practices. These regions help geographers understand how culture is distributed and organized across space. |
| culture realms | larger geographic area that includes multiple culture regions sharing broad cultural similarities, such as language families, religious traditions, economic systems, and historical experiences. It represents the broadest scale of cultural organization |
| churches= ??? -dome shaped roofs -tall steeples | christianity |
| temples= ??? -carved exteriors -located near rivers and streams | Hinduism |
| stupas= ??? -meditation -pagodas | Buddhism |
| synagogues= ??? | Judaism |
| disapora | occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations. |
| mosque= ??? -domes surrounded by beacons | Islam |
| gateways= ??? | Shinto |
| charter group | the first ethnic group to establish cultural and social customs in a new area, often shaping the region’s cultural identity, institutions, and dominant traditions. |
| neolocalism | process by which people consciously revive and promote the distinctive cultural identity of a place, often in response to the pressures of globalization or cultural homogenization. It emphasizes local traditions, heritage, and uniqueness |
| Congregationalists found in.... | New england |
| Baptists and Methodists found in.... | Southeast |
| Lutherans found in.... | Midwest |
| Mormons found in.... | Utah |
| Roman Catholics found in..... | urban areas in Northeast and Southwest |
| Jews, Muslims, and Hindus found in.... | urban areas |
| Centripetal forces | actors that unify a group of people or a state, promoting stability, cohesion, and a shared sense of identity. These forces bring people together around common values, beliefs, or institutions. |
| Centrifugal forces | those that divide a group of people or a region. These forces can pull apart societies, nations, and states, and are essentially centripetal forces in reverse. |
| Sharia | Islamic legal system derived from the Quran and Hadith, governing aspects of daily life, religion, morality, and law for Muslims. It provides guidelines for behavior, family life, business, and government according to Islamic principles. |
| blue laws | regulations that restrict or prohibit certain activities on specific days, usually for religious reasons, often to encourage observance of a day of worship or rest. They reflect the influence of religion on government and culture. |
| fundamentalism | strict adherence to the basic principles of a religion or ideology, often in reaction to modernization, secularization, or globalization. It emphasizes literal interpretation of sacred texts and traditional practices. |
| ethnocentric | the belief that one’s own culture, ethnic group, or way of life is superior to others. People who are ethnocentric judge other cultures based on the standards and values of their own culture. |
| cultural relativism | practice of evaluating a culture based on its own values, beliefs, and standards rather than judging it by the standards of another culture. It promotes understanding and tolerance of cultural differences. |
| Cultural appropriation | the adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without understanding, acknowledgment, or respect. It can lead to misrepresentation, exploitation, or commodification of the original culture. |
| diffusion | process by which ideas, innovations, cultural traits, or phenomena spread from one place to another over time |
| relocation diffusion | ideas, cultural traits, or innovations spread through the physical movement of people from one place to another. The trait moves to a new location, often leaving the origin region unchanged |
| expansion diffusion | a cultural trait, idea, or innovation spreads outward from a central point while remaining strong in its place of origin. Unlike relocation diffusion, the original area continues to practice the trait |
| Contagious diffusion | type of expansion diffusion in which a cultural trait, idea, or innovation spreads rapidly and widely from person to person, like a “wave”, affecting nearly all nearby individuals and places |
| Hierarchical diffusion | type of expansion diffusion in which a cultural trait, idea, or innovation spreads from larger, more influential places or people to smaller, less influential ones, often bypassing some areas in the process |
| stimulus diffusion | a type of expansion diffusion in which the underlying idea or concept spreads, but it is adapted or changed in the new location rather than adopted exactly as it |
| Imperialism | policy or practice by which a country extends its power and influence over other territories, often through colonization, economic control, or military force. It usually involves domination of one culture, economy, or political system over another |
| Colonialism | practice or policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies or territories by a foreign power, usually for economic, political, or strategic gain. It often involves settlement, exploitation of resources, and cultural dominance |
| animism | the belief that all objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence or soul. It is often associated with indigenous and traditional religions and emphasizes the connection between humans, nature, and the spiritual world |
| lingua franca | language that is adopted as a common language between speakers of different native languages, allowing people from diverse linguistic backgrounds to communicate |
| pidgin language | simplified form of speech that develops between groups with different native languages, allowing them to communicate, usually for trade or work. It is not a native language and has limited vocabulary and grammar |
| creole language | stable, fully developed language that originates from a mixture of two or more languages, typically evolving from a pidgin language when it becomes the native language of a community |
| time-space convergence | process by which distant places become closer in terms of travel or communication time, due to advances in transportation and technology. It reflects how the world feels “smaller” as movement and interaction become faster |
| cultural convergence | process by which two or more cultures become more similar due to interaction, communication, and exchange of ideas, goods, or technology. It often results from globalization and increased connectivity |
| Cultural divergence | process by which a culture becomes increasingly different from others, often due to isolation, resistance to outside influence, or deliberate efforts to maintain distinct cultural practices |
| linguists | experts who study language, including its structure, history, evolution, and use within societies. In human geography, linguists often examine language distribution, language families, and the role of language in culture |
| Indo-European language family | largest and most widely distributed language family in the world, originating from a common ancestral language spoken thousands of years ago. It includes many of the languages spoken in Europe, South Asia, and parts of the Middle East |
| isoglosses | geographic boundary that separates areas based on linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar. It helps geographers and linguists map language patterns and regional dialects |
| dialects | regional or social variation of a language, distinguished by differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, or usage. Dialects reflect cultural, historical, and geographic influences on language |
| adages | short, traditional sayings that express a general truth, wisdom, or cultural belief, often passed down through generations. They reflect the values, norms, and knowledge of a culture |
| Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox fall under what religion? | christianity |
| acculturation | process by which a group adopts some cultural traits of another culture while retaining its own distinct cultural identity. It often occurs when two cultures come into direct contact. |
| assimilation | process by which a minority or immigrant group gradually adopts the cultural traits of a dominant group, eventually losing its original cultural identity |
| syncretism | blending of two or more cultural, religious, or linguistic traditions into a new, distinct system. It reflects how cultures adapt and combine elements from different sources |
| Glocalization | adaptation of global products, ideas, or practices to fit local cultures and preferences, blending global influence with local traditions |
| Nativist | protects the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants, often expressing hostility toward cultural change or foreign influence |
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