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STSO EXAM II
YEAHHHHHHH
| :-) | :-D |
|---|---|
| *All of the following are considered causes of Climate Change: | Cutting down forests, cows, using transportation, consuming too much |
| *According to the Ecological Modernization perspective on the future: | Economic Prosperity and Environmental Protection can both be achieved together; We need to focus on green technologies and efficiency. |
| *In order to Transform Markets through Green Taxes we would need to: | Shift taxes from good things (like income) to bad things (like pollution) |
| Montreal Protocol | an International Treaty -- countries around the world got together to phase out ozone depleting substances and help the Ozone Layer |
| Ecological Footprint | What is *model* created by the The Limits to Growth perspective? |
| PRAXIS | Concept that we need change agents (people) to interact with established structures (like government) in order to get real transforming change |
| Net Zero Emissions | Essentially, we only put out as much emissions that forests and sinks can absorb. Need by 2050. |
| Voluntary Simplicity | Focus on consuming less -- switch to gaining experiences (time for leisure, friends, etc). |
| GNP | (Gross National Product) -- focuses only on economic elements of wealth |
| GPI | (Genuine Progress Indicator) -- indicates the status of economic, social, and environmental wealth |
| List three things that 97-99% of climatologists agree on? | Climate change is happening, is due to human changes, and will impact all people, ecosystems, and societies. |
| Why will Climate Change be more difficult to solve than Ozone Depletion (2 reasons) | 1) there’s not a readily available technological fix and 2) everyone produces GHG (major connection to people - societal change is needed) |
| Weather | short term state of atmosphere (rain, change in minutes or hours) |
| Climate | long term weather pattern (tropical climate, avg weather over many years in one region) |
| What are the two types of the environmental problems? | Global/Regional |
| Ecosystem / Regional (Environmental Problem 1) | includes: soil, land, air, water, wastes |
| Biospheric / Global (Environmental Problem 2) | includes: climate change, ozone depletion |
| The Greenhouse Effect | Some sunlight hits earth and is reflected or absorbed (becomes heat) |
| How do greenhouse gases influence the Greenhouse Effect? | GHG in atmosphere trap heat - keeping the earth warm. More GHG = more heat trapped/less heat escapes |
| What are the top 3 causes of climate change, *globally*? | energy supply, industry, agriculture forestry / land use |
| What are the top 3 causes of climate change, *in the US*? | transportation, electric power, industry |
| Climate Change | Change in state of the climate identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties that persists for an extended period of time, typically decades or longer |
| What are two examples of climate change? | Physical/Environmental Impacts + Human Impacts |
| Physical/Environmental Impacts of Climate Change | hotter temperatures, more severe storms, increased drought, warming and rising ocean, loss of species |
| Human Impacts of Climate Change | poverty, displacement, not enough food, more health risks |
| What are the three dimensions of Climate Change Vulnerability? | Exposure (identifying risks to CC), Sensitivity (How individuals, communities and nations are impacted), and Adaptive Capacity/Resiliency (ability to accommodate and cope with CC Impacts and stresses) |
| Who are the most vulnerable to Climate Change? | Children, elderly, poor, minorities, women, LDCs, countries in global south, small island nations |
| What are the 7 primary areas/issues Climate Change will impact? | Food security, freshwater supplies, extreme weather, human health, land use/human settlements, migration & climate refugees, security & conflict |
| Adaptation | Increasing resiliency/minimizing the destruction/suffering that comes from Climate Change |
| Examples of Adaptation | Building seawalls, retreating from coasts, reducing/recycling water use due to drought, disaster preparedness programs, using prescribed fires to prevent uncontrollable wildfires |
| Mitigation | Reducing the sources or enhancing the sinks of GHG |
| Examples of Mitigation | Replacing FFs with clean renewable energies, retrofitting old buildings via energy efficiency, planting trees/preserving forests |
| Two Types of Mitigation | Technology Focused + People Focused |
| Technology Focused Mitigation | plant new trees, hybrid/energy efficient cars, replace FF with renewable energy, upgrade buildings/devices, produce food using less energy |
| People Focused Mitigation | protect old trees, use less paper products, drive less, use less energy, change diets to be less reliant on meat |
| Paris Agreement (emission reduction goals) | 45% by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050 |
| common pool resource | a resource which is unable to be owned/is open access (can’t exclude anyone from using them) - ex. air, water, atmosphere |
| Tragedy of The Commons (from Hardin) Example? | Cow Bullshit (Pastureland with cows, individual gains lead to increasing number of cows while costs are a group loss → overuse of resources and adding pollution) |
| What are the two types of ozone, which one is good/bad, and why? | Low level/troposphere ozone (bad - smog, air pollution) and high level/stratosphere ozone (good - absorbs harmful UV rays from sun). |
| What chemicals cause ozone depletion and what are they used in? | Chlorofluorocarbons - used in refrigerants, propellants, refrigerators, AC, aerosol sprays, styrofoam |
| Why is UV radiation bad? | Hurts human health (skin cancer, eye problems), decreases crop growth, inhibits phytoplankton growth. |
| Who currently has the highest overall GHG emissions? | China = 1, US = 2, India = distant 3rd |
| Who has the most historical GHG emissions? | US = 1 by far, China = 2, tied Russia, Germany, UK |
| What are some of the themes in climate change negotiations (5)? | Ambition gap, "keep it in the ground", damages/losses, common but differentiated responsibilities, mitigation and adaptation. |
| What are the 2 levels of the ambition gap (relating to Climate Change)? | Gap between emissions reduction goals vs current action AND Gap between money needed for mitigation + adaptation vs current spending |
| What were chlorofluorocarbons replaced with? | Hydrofluorochlorocarbons (HCFCs) |
| What were the types/phases of environmentalism in the US over time? | Frontier Era/Manifest Destiny, Preservationist (protect nature for nature’s sake) vs Conservationist (protect nature for human’s sake) [Conservationist won], Modern Environmental Movement |
| What is meant by common but differentiated responsibilities (relating to CC)? | Different countries have very different situations/realities → different expectations on what and how much they can do |
| What happened at Love Canal? | Hooker Chemical Company dump tons waste in canal, covered it, sold it for $1 + limited liability City officials build elem school + housing dev on. Kids get chemical burns, there were rates of higher than normal miscarriages, birth defects, and cancers. |
| Do adults view the federal government as doing enough to protect the environment? | No! NO. nooooooooo |
| Among republicans who are most likely to support climate change and environmental policy? | Moderate, younger, and female |
| Does the partisanship in politics reflect partisanship among people? | No. Politics is 0 vs 100% - less extreme differences between people even across political parties |
| What are the three major themes in US Environment Policy/Politics? | Crisis driven, shift in focus from protecting nature to protecting human health, and shift in politics from bipartisan to partisan issue |
| What are legal fixes? | Use laws and regulations to promote this (outright bans) |
| What are cognitive fixes? | Work to change people’s minds (education campaigns) |
| What are behavioral fixes? | Offer incentives for good or bad behavior (returns on deposits, taxes) |
| What are technological fixes? | Work on better technology/substitute (reusable bags) |
| What are the four strategies to fixing environmental problems? | Technological fixes, behavioral fixes, cognitive fixes, legal fixes |
| What is the goal of politics? | To allocate resources for the public/collective good |
| What is greenwashing? | An unsupported claim to deceive consumers into believing that a company’s products are environmentally friendly or have a greater positive environmental impact than what is true. |
| What are the limits on buying green? | Green consumption vs none (consumption is still a problem) and rebound effect (use energy/money savings for other things), greenwashing, focus is on people’s behavior but collective action needed |
| What would we need to “buy green”? | People would need more information on goods they buy, people would need to be willing to spend more for “green goods”, and government would need to support this. |
| What is the idea behind ecological/green taxes (tax what, don’t tax what, over how long, govt revenue involvement)? | Tax bad things (CO2, pollution), not good things (income, savings). Needs to be done slowly over time (at least 10 years) and must be revenue neutral |
| What are the three types of wealth and what is the measure associated with all three? | Economic, environmental, and social. Genuine Progress Indicator measures all three. |
| What is ecological economics? | Need to reduce scale, increase resource use efficiency, conserve resources. Re-distribution of wealth/resources. Ecological tax reform. Shift focus to development. Focus on Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) |
| What is environmental economics (idea behind, what’s it’s focus)? | Reform - fix the existing system, tries to give ecosystem services an economic valuation and internalize externalities. Growth, but cleaner growth. Focus on Gross National Product (GNP) |
| What are externalities (definition) and example? | Costs or benefits arising from an economic activity affecting someone other than those engaged in the economic activity. Examples: air pollution from factories, methane emissions, fertilizer pollution, industrial waste |
| What are some examples of market failures? | Externalities (costs not internalized), public goods (not all goods the same), unequal information exists between buyers and sellers, and unequal market power (monopolies) |
| What are the four assumptions of a market economy? | The interaction of buyers/sellers without any interference is the way to go, all buyers/sellers have perfect information, all goods are of equal value, and the costs and benefits of all market transactions are internalized |
| What is an economic system (what does it make and how)? | An economic system produces and distributes goods and services by using natural, human, and manufactured resources |
| What are stranded assets? (And an example if we were to move away from FF) | Stranded assets - assets which have premature or unanticipated writedowns, dilutions or conversion into liabilities. Examples - FF tankers, FF power plants, oil pipelines, oil/gas rigs, gas stations |
| What is an example of a sustainable city (potentially the most in the world)? | Curitiba, Brazil |
| What are some of the characteristics of sustainable societies? | Conserve/restore biological base, decr + stabilize pop growth, less FF + use more renewables, incr econom + envi efficient, change social forms (ex better work life balance), less materialistic culture, incr cooperation btwn people + countries |
| What is globalization? | The spread of the flow of financial products, goods, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures |
| How is globalization seen in everyday life? | Things we buy (coming from where), things we eat (food from various regions/cultures), and news we get |
| What are some of the good vs bad growths relating to globalization? | Good: World economy, world population, technology, food production Bad: GHG emissions, human footprint, biodiversity loss, inequality, and air, soil, water, and chemical pollution |
| What are the two viewpoints of how globalization occurred? | Neo-liberalization World Systems/Dependency Theory |
| What are TNCs and what are they concerned with? | Transnational corporations (aka very large firms with branches or subsidiary companies in more than one country), concerned with quarterly profits |
| What is Neo-Liberalization focused on, what groups are involved, and who experiences the benefits? | Economic focused (self-interest/markets, free market (no restriction on trade/markets), trust in markets). World Bank, International Monetary Fund, TNCs. Benefits accrue to TNCs and Rich (rich get richer, trickle down) |
| What is World Systems/Dependency Theory focused on and how does it affect MDCs and LDCs? | Historical/power focused (MDCs control LDCs through economic power). Trade between countries helps MDCs (supply money and tech), and hurts LDCs (has raw materials and labor) → MDCs keep LDCs underdeveloped. |
| What is Income vs Wealth? | Income - how much you earn (salary/income). Wealth - all your assets (income, savings, stocks, bonds, retirements, car, house, land) |
| How does environmental justice connect to inequality? | Poor/minorities are more likely to be exposed to health and environmental hazards (air pollution, siting of locally unwanted land uses (LULUs)) |
| What model describes the income and wealth disparity? | Champagne glass |
| Who damages the environment and how? | Rich - overconsumption of resources and affluent lifestyles Working class poor - use of older, cheaper, less durable / efficient products Absolute poor - pushed onto fragile lands, overexploit resources for survival, not sustainable in long term |
| What would help the environment (relating to globalization, inequality and sustainability)? | Reducing social inequality within and between countries |
| What is green imperialism/colonialism? | Convincing someone you’re doing something in everyone’s best interests, using the environment to control you. |
| What is sustainability and what are the 3Es? | Sustainability - ecological/environmental concept. Means ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time. 3Es - Environment, economy, equity (social concerns) |
| What is sustainable development? | Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. |
| What are the 3 key elements of sustainable development (what does it focus on)? | Focus on needs (not wants), present (intragenerational equity), and future (inter-generational equity) |
| What is the difference between growth and sustainability? | Growth (getting bigger), sustainability (capping growth, focus on development) |
| What are the two views on growth? | Limits to Growth (LG) and Ecological Modernization (EM) |
| Describe Limits to Growth? | Outbreak/crash view of growth - we have too many people consuming too much and polluting too much → going to exceed the carrying capacity There will be growth, followed by a crash. Focus changes to development. |
| What is the evidence for Limits to Growth? | I=PAT model, stats/research. |
| What are the criticisms for Limits to Growth? | There hasn’t been an environmental apocalypse so far, we’ve always pushed the limits out with human ingenuity and technology |
| Describe Ecological Modernization? | Optimistic view - economic growth and environmental protection can go together by focusing on green technology and efficiency. Growth comes first, then we worry about the environment. Focus remains on growth. |
| What is the evidence for Ecological Modernization? | Environmental Kuznets Curve, reduction of some pollution metrics in MDCs |
| What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve show? | Shows how countries move from industrial to service economies and the relationship to environmental degradation *study diagram!!* |
| What are the criticisms for Ecological Modernization? | Hasn’t played out in real world. Does not account for globalization as environmental damages get shifted from MDCs to LDCs |
| Is there a correlation between economic growth/affluence and well being? | Above certain amount - no, happiness goes down. Happiest countries have less inequality between people. |
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