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Chem winter exam
for exma
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroalkanes | Compound in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule have been replaced by chlorine atoms |
| functional group | atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or series of organic compounds |
| methanol | CH3OH |
| ethanol | C2H5OH |
| primary alcohol | carbon atom joined to the OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom |
| secondary alcohol | carbon atom joined to OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms |
| condensation reaction | two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule (such as water) |
| alcohol properties | higher boiling point, soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding |
| aldehydes | RCHO (carbon double bonded to oxygen). end in -al. higher boiling point than alkanes but lower than oxygen due to dipole-dipole forces. |
| carbonyl group | the C=O in an aldehyde |
| ketones | RCOR' (carbon double bonded to oxygen). basically an aldehyde with another carbon chain instead of a hydrogen. end in -one. slightly higher boiling point than aldehydes due to dipole-dipole. soluble in water due to C=O bond. |
| Carboxylic acid | contain group -COOH (carbon double bonded to oxygen). aldehyde with an OH instead of an O. ends in -oic acid. liquid at room temp. high boiling point |
| Esters | RCOOR'. Like a ketone with another oxygen between the C and R'. end in -OATE. low boiling points. soluble in water |
| Emulsion | dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another liquid in which it is not soluble. |
| solubility of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters | decreases as length of carbon chain increases |
| substitution reaction | atom or group of atoms replaced by another atom or group of atoms |
| chain reaction | reaction that continues itself because a product from step one is a reactant for a later step |
| addition reaction | two or more molecules react together to form a single molecule |
| polymer definition | long chain made by repeating units |
| elimination reaction | small molecule removed from larger molecule leaving double bond |
| organic synthesis | process of making organic compounds from simpler starting materials |
| synthesis of PVC from ethene | 1. ethene reacts with chlorine to form 1,2 dichloroethene 2. 1,2 dichloroethene undergoes thermal cracking, becomes 2HC=CH2+HCL 3. PVC forms |
| reversable reaction | products can also react to form reactants |
| chemical/dynamic equilibrium | forwards and backwards rate of reaction are equal |
| dynamic state | reactants are continuously forming products and products continuously forming reactants |
| Le Chatalier's principle | stress applied to system at equilibrium will cause the equilibrium to shift. In an all gaseous reaction the side with smaller number of molecules will be favoured. |
| Kc=CcDd/AaBb | Kc is equilibrium constant, letters are concentration of moles per litre. |
| rate of reaction | change in concentration per unit of time of any one reactant or product |
| factors affecting rate of reaction | nature of reactants, particle size, concentration, temperature, catalysts |
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