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Feed and Protect Me
VMT Chapter 15
| Hematologic System | Encompasses the production of blood and the transport of blood throughout the body |
| Blood | Connective tissue, consists of cells contained in a liquid matrix, dependent on the heart to move around the body |
| What does blood supply to body tissues? | Oxygen, Nutrients (Vitamins, Minerals, Glucose, and Amino Acids, and various chemicals such as Hormones |
| What does blood transport? | Waste products to various organs for removal, transports gases to and from the lungs and cells |
| What does blood help maintain and what system does it play an important role in? | Homeostasis, Immune System |
| What is the blood composed of? | 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements |
| What are the formed elements of blood? | Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Clotting Cells |
| hem/o, hemat/o | Blood |
| Hematology | Study of Blood |
| Where is blood formed? | Bone marrow |
| Hematopoiesis | Medical term for formation of blood |
| -poiesis | Formation |
| How is a blood sample collected? | Needle and syringe |
| Anticoagulant | Substance that prevents clotting of blood |
| EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Anticoagulant found in blood tubes and used clinically as drugs |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant found in blood tubes and used clinically as drugs |
| Coagulation | Process of clotting |
| What happens when blood coagulates? | A layer of leukocytes and thrombocytes forms, which appears at the interface of erythrocytes and plasma after centrifuged |
| Buffy Coat | Layer that appears at the interface of the erythrocytes and plasma after blood is centrifuged |
| What are the two liquid portions of blood? | Serum and Plasma |
| Serum | Liquid portion of blood with clotting proteins removed |
| When blood is allowed to clot, what liquid portion is left? | Serum |
| Plasma | Straw-colored fluid portion of blood that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products, contains clotting proteins |
| Colloid | Liquid that contains suspended particles |
| What are some clotting proteins found in plasma? | Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, and Albumin |
| Fibrin/o | Fibrin or threads of a clot |
| thomb/o | Clot |
| What are some fats that circulate in plasma? | Cholesterol and Triglycerides |
| Erythrocyte | Mature red blood cell, RBC |
| eryth/o | Red |
| -cyte | Cell |
| Do mature mammalian erythrocytes carry nuclei? | No |
| Do mature non-mammalian erythrocytes carry nuclei | Yes |
| What shape do erythrocytes have? | Biconcave disc shape |
| Erythrocytes contain _______. | Hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin | Blood protein that transports oxygen |
| Heme | Nonprotein, iron-containing portion of hemoglobin |
| Central Pallor | Central pale area of an RBC that represents the thinnest part of the biconcave disc |
| If a RBC has a more central pallor than normal what type of hemoglobin concentration do they have? | Decreased hemoglobin concentration |
| If an RBC has a more central pallor than normal, what would this be called? | Hypochromic RBC |
| Polychromatic RBC | May be young erythrocytes released early from bone marrow, larger and bluer in color due to presence of organelles such as ribosomes and mitochondria still present in immature RBCs |
| Myel/o | Bone marrow / Spinal Cord |
| Reticulocyte | Immature, non-nucleated erythrocyte characterized by polychromasia or a mesh like pattern of threads |
| Why might a reticulocyte increase? | It increases as the bone marrow responds to blood loss |
| Where is reticulocytosis seen in? | Regenerative anemia |
| What destroys RBCs that are no longer useful? | Macrophages |
| Macrophage | Large cell that destroys by eating |
| macr/o | Large |
| Phagocyte | "Cell that eats" Leukocyte that ingests foreign materials |
| Morphology | Study of form or shape |
| Leukocyte | White Blood Cell, WBC |
| leuk/o | White |
| Where are leukocytes produced? | Bone marrow |
| What are leukocytes main function? | Fighting disease in the body |
| Leukocytopoiesis | Production of white blood cells, also called Leucopoiesis |
| Granulocyte | Cell that contains prominent grain like structures in its cytoplasm |
| Agranulocyte | Cell that does not contain prominent grain like structures in its cytoplasm |
| Why are agranulocytes often referred to as other leukocytes? | They have less prominent cytoplasmic granules and are not truly agranulocytic |
| Basophilic | Stain readily with basic or blue dyes in many commonly used stains such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Giemsa, and Wrights |
| Eosinophilic | Stained readily with acidic or pink dyes commonly uses stains such as H&E, Giemsa, and Wrights |
| Normocytic (RBC) | Normal Cell Size |
| Macrocytic (RBC) | Larger than normal cell size |
| Microcytic (RBC) | Smaller than normal cell size |
| Poikilocytosis (RBC) | Condition of irregular cells, vary shapes |
| Poikilo | Irregular |
| Anisocytosis (RBC) | Condition of unequal cell size |
| Normochromic (RBC) | Normal RBC color, central pallor is normal size |
| Hypochromic (RBC) | Less than normal color, enlarged area of central pallor |
| Hyperchromic (RBC) | More than normal color |
| Polychromasia (RBC) | Condition of many colors, appears as an overall blue tint of wrights stained due to shrinking of cell membrane |
| Rouleaux (RBC) | RBCs arranged like stacks of coins on peripheral blood smear, may be artifact or normal in species such as cats and horses |
| Agglutination (RBC) | Clumping of RBCs due to presence of an antibody directed against RBC surface antigens forming a lattice work linking together |
| Lymphocyte (WBC) | Class of agranulocytic leukocyte containing diverse set of cells, includes those that can directly attack specific pathogens or produce antibodies |
| Monocyte (WBC) | Class of agranulocytic leukocyte that has a phagocytic function and participates in inflammatory respone |
| Neutrophil (WBC) | Class of granulocytic leukocyte that has phagocytic function, mainly against bacteria |
| Segmented Neutrophil / Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte | Mature neutrophil |
| Band cell / Banded neutrophil | immature neutrophil |
| Heterophils | Large, stain a deep orange or red, called this in rabbits, birds, amphibians, and reptiles |
| Eosinophil | Class of granulocytic leukocyte that detoxifies allergens and controls parasitic infections by damaging parasite membranes |
| Basophil | Class of granulocytic leukocyte that promotes inflammatory response and contains histamine in its cytoplasmic granules |
| Where are clotting cells produced and what do they clot? | Bone marrow, play a part in the clotting of blood |
| Thombocyte | Nucleated clotting cell |
| Platelet | Anucleated clotting cell |
| What animals have nucleated clotting cells? | Non-mammalian (Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish) |
| What animals have non-nucleated clotting cells? | Mammals |
| Megakaryocyte | Large, nucleated cell found in bone marrow from which platelets are formed |
| Blood Smear | Blood specimen for microscopic exams in which blood is spread thinly across microscope slide and typically stained |
| Bone Marrow Biopsy | Sample of bone marrow obtained by needle aspiration for exam of cells. Usually taken from long bones, ribs, pelvis, or sternum |
| Anemia | Blood condition of less than normal levels of RBCs and / or hemoglobin |
| Basopenia | Deficiency in the number of basophils in the blood |
| -penia | Decrease |
| Basophilia | Elevation in number of basophils in the blood |
| -philia | Increase |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | Disorder in which proteins that control blood clotting become abnormally active producing clots the obstruct blood vessels, cut off blood supply to various organs and their function, DIC |
| What can the production of clots from Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation cause? What may they result from? | Production of clots consume coagulation factors and platelets leading to bleeding, Result from inflammation, infection, or cancer |
| Dyscrasia | Any abnormal condition of blood |
| Edema | Accumulation of fluid in the intercellular space |
| Eosinopenia | Deficiency in the number of eosinophils in the blood |
| Eosinophilia | Elevation in the number of eosinophils in the blood |
| Erythrocytosis | Abnormal increase in RBCs |
| -cytosis | Condition of cells |
| Exudate | Material that has escaped from blood vessels and is high in protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells, typically inflammatory in nature |
| Hemolytic | Removing and destroying RBCs |
| Hemolytic Anemia | Excessive RBC destruction |
| Hemolytic Serum | Contains RBC components that are released when erythrocytes are damaged and appear pink or blood tinged |
| Hemolysis | Breaking down of RBCs |
| -lysis | Destruction or Breakdown |
| Hemophilia | Hereditary condition of deficient blood coagulation |
| Hemorrhage | Loss of blood |
| Hemostasis | Act of controlling blood or bleeding |
| Hemostat | Instrument used to control bleeding |
| Hyperalbuminemia | Blood condition of abnormally high albumin levels |
| Hyperemia | Excess blood in a part, engorgement |
| Hyperlipidemia | Blood condition of abnormally high fat levels caused by fat metabolism |
| Icteric Serum | Serum that has yellow pigmentation that is suggestive of hyperbilirubinemia |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | caused by increased erythrocyte damage, liver disease, and disruption of bile flow |
| Left shift | Alteration in distribution of leukocytes, increase in banded neutrophils in response to severe bacterial infection |
| Leukemia | Elevation in the number of malignant white blood cells, acute or chronic based on the majority of neoplastic cell differentiation |
| Leukocytosis | Elevation in the number of white blood cells |
| Leukopenia | Deficiency of WBCs, sometimes called Leukocytopenia |
| Lipemia | Excessive amount of fats in the blood |
| Lipemic Serum | Fats from blood that have settled in the serum, appears cloudy and white |
| Lymphocytosis | Elevated numbers of lymphocytes in the blood |
| Lymphopenia | Deficiency of lymphocytes in the blood |
| Modified Transudate | Material that has cell numbers and distribution similar to transudates but protein concentration is greater than 2.5 g/dL resulting from leakage of high protein lymph or inflammatory proteins |
| Monocytopenia | Deficiency of monocytes in the blood |
| Monocytosis | Elevated numbers of monocytes in the blood |
| Myelodysplasia | Hematologic disorder characterized clinically and morphologically by ineffective hematopoiesis resulting in some form of cytopenia such as anemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia |
| Neutropenia | Deficiency in the number of neutrophils in the blood |
| Neutrophilia | Elevation in the number of neutrophils in the blood |
| Pancytopenia | Deficiency of all types of blood cells |
| Phagocytosis | Condition of engulfing or eating cells |
| Polycythemia | Condition of many cells, excessive erythrocytes |
| Septicemia | Pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins are present |
| Pathogenic | Producing disease |
| Bacteremia | Blood condition in which bacteria are present |
| Thrombocytopenia | Abnormal decrease in the number of clotting cells |
| Thrombocytosis | Elevation in the number of clotting cells |
| Transudate | Material that has passed through a membrane and is high in fluidity and low in protein, cells, or solid materials |
| What are transudates observed with? | Severe hepatic disease, protein losing enteropathy, or protein losing nephropathy |
| The lymphatic system functions as part of the immune system by providing what? | Location to gather and concentrate foreign substances in the body so the immune system can destroy / remove from the body |
| Lymphatic system | Returns excess lymph to the blood, traps and filters cellular debris, reduces tissue edema, and absorbs fats from digestive system |
| lymph/o | Lymph fluid, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes |
| Lymphoid | Pertains to lymph or tissues of the lymphatic system |
| What are the structures of the lymphatic system? | Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes, Lymph fluid, Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus, and Lymphocytes |
| Interstitial fluid | Clear, colorless tissue fluid that leaves the capillaries and flows in the spaces between the cells of a tissue or an organ |
| What is the function of interstitial fluid? | Bathe and nourish the cells |
| Lymph | Formed when interstitial fluid moves into the capillaries of the lymphatic system. |
| What does lymph bring to the cells? | Nutrients and hormones to the cells and carries waste products from tissue back to the bloodstream |
| Lymph Capilaries | Take lymph to the lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphatic Vessels | Similar to veins, have valves to prevent backflow of lymph |
| Lymph always travels toward the _____ ____ and as the vessels approach the heart, they carry more ___ and are ____ in size. | Thoracic Cavity, Fluid, Larger |
| In the thoracic cavity what empties lymph into veins | Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
| Lymph ducts release lymph where? | Venous blood where it is quickly passed to the lungs and then throughout the body |
| Cisterna Chyli | Origin of the thoracic duct and saclike structure for lymph collection |
| Lacteals | Located in small intestine, specialized lymph vessels that transport fats and fat-soluble vitamins |
| Lymph Nodes | Small bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and store B and T lymphocytes |
| What is the primary function of lymph nodes | Filter lymph to remove harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses |
| Where are lymph nodes located? | Along the lymphatic vessels |
| What are swollen lymph nodes an indication of? | Disease, due to cells being destroyed in lymph nodes |
| What are some lymph nodes? | Mandibular, Parotid, and Mesenteric |
| Tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue that protect the nose and cranial throat |
| What are some tonsils? | Lingual tonsils, Palatine, and Pharyngeal |
| Tonsill/o | Tonsils |
| Spleen | Organ located in the cranial abdomen that filters foreign material from the blood, stores erythrocytes, removes damages / old erythrocytes, and maintains appropriate balance of cells and plasma |
| The spleen is also a secondary lymphoid tissue where mature, differentiated B and T lymphocytes reside and wait for antigenic stimulation | True |
| Aside from Lymphocytes, what is also found in the spleen? | Macrophages |
| What do macrophages line in the spleen? | Sinusoids |
| What do macrophages do in the spleen? | Phagocytize foreign material, break it down, and present antigenic parts on their surface for helper T lymphocytes to recognize and initiate an immune response |
| Splen/o | Spleen |
| Thymus | Gland that has immunologic function, found predominantly in young animals |
| Where is the thymus located? | Near midline in the cranioventral portion of the thoracic cavity |
| What is the immunologic role of the thymus? | Development of T cells |
| Some lymphocytes formed in the bone marrow migrate to the _____. where they multiply and mature into _____ cells | Thymus, T |
| Thym/o | Thymus |
| What are the functions of the immune system? | Protect the body from harmful substances and utilize other systems to maintain its function |
| What is the term immunity mean in Latin? | Exemption |
| immun/o | Protected |
| Immunology | Study of the immune system |
| The immune system is contained in one set of organs or in one area. | False, Not contained in one set of organs or in one area of the body |
| What are some systems that work together to prevent the body from being harmed from foreign invaders. | Lymphatic, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, and Integumentary |
| What is a type of WBC that is involved in the immune response to work against specific antigens? | Lymphocyte |
| What are the two subpopulations of lymphocytes? | T Lymphocytes and B Lymphocytes |
| T Lymphocytes | Responsible for cell-mediated immunity, Mature in the thymus, and Directly attack invading antigen |
| What is the primary function of the T Lymphocytes? | To coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms on contact |
| B Lymphocytes | Responsible for antibody-mediated or humoral immunity, Differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells |
| Memory B Cells | Remember a specific antigen and stimulate a faster and more intense response when that same antigen is presented in the body |
| Plasma Cell | Immune cell that produces and secretes a specific antibody for a specific antigen, also called Plasmocytes |
| What are the antibodies made by plasma cells called? | Immunoglobulins (Ig) |
| What are the five distinct immunoglobulins? | IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM |
| IgA Location | Found in the mucous membrane lining of intestines and bronchi |
| What do the IgA secretions such as saliva and sweat protect? | Protect areas by preventing attachment of bacteria and viruses to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs |
| IgD Location Function not important | Found in large amounts on the surface of B cells, unknown function but is important in B cell activation |
| IgE Location | Found bond to mast cells in lungs, skin, and cells of mucous membranes |
| What do IgE immunoglobulins provide? | Defense against the environment and is involved in allergic reactions |
| IgG Location | Found in blood stream, interstitial fluid, and lymph, found in high concentrations in colostrum of large domestic species |
| What do igG immunoglobulins do in the body? | Synthesized in response to invading germs such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses and is the most abundant antibody and only class that can cross the placenta |
| IgM Location | Found in circulating fluids, due to its size, it cannot exit the blood stream |
| What do IgM immunoglobulins do? | Invade and provide protection in the earliest stages of infection, first immunoglobulin produced with exposure to an antigen |
| What does Cell-mediated immunity involve? | T cell activation and cellular secretions, does not involve antibody production |
| What are the different types of T Lymphocytes? | Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells, Suppressor T Cells, and Memory T Cells |
| Helper T Cells | Secrete substances such as cytokines that stimulate the production of B lymphocytes and cytotoxic t cells |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | CD8 Cells, Destroy intracellular pathogens |
| Suppressor T Cells | Stop B and T Lymphocyte activity when this activity is no longer needed |
| Histiocytes | Large macrophages found in loose connective tissue |
| What does the first line of defense do? | Limits access to internal tissues and organs of the body |
| What barriers protect the animals body from infection? | Anatomical barriers such as intact skin |
| What oils discourage bacterial growth on the skin? | Oil secreted by sebaceous glands |
| What is foreign material trapped in, flushed away with, and removed out of the body? | Trapped in the cilia of the nares and moist mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, mucus flushes away trapped debris, and coughing / sneezing removed foreign material |
| What does the digestive system destroy? | Invading organisms that are swallowed by the acidic nature of the stomach |
| What also plays a role in protecting the body | Health, Age, and Heredity, some may be immunodeficient or hypersensitive |
| Complement System | Nonspecific defense mechanism, activation can result in initiation of inflammation, leukocytes, lysis of pathogens, and increased phagocytosis |
| Complement | Series of enzymatic proteins that are continually present in normal plasma |
| What does the complement immune system aid? | Phagocytes in destroying antigens and causing cell lysis |
| What is the first line of defense in the immune system? | Nonspecific responses such as fever, inflammation, chemicals, and complement |
| What are the different types of immunity? | Naturally Acquired, Artificially Acquired, Active, and Passive |
| Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity | Resistance to a specific infection by the passing of protection from mother to offspring before birth or through colostrum |
| Naturally Acquired Active Immunity | Resistance to a specific infection after the development of antibodies during the actual disease |
| Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity | Resistance to a specific infection by receiving antiserum-containing antibodies from another host |
| Artificially Acquired Active Immunity | Resistance to a specific infection through vaccination |
| Allergen | Substance capable of inducing an allergic reaction |
| Anaphylaxis | Severe response to a foreign substance, signs develop acutely and may include swelling, blockage of airways, tachycardia, and ptylism |
| Autoimmune Disease | Body makes antibodies directed against itself |
| Immunosuppression | Reduction in the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens |
| Immunosuppressant | Chemical that prevents or reduces the bodies normal reaction to disease |
| Lymphadenitis | Inflammation of the lymph nodes, also called swollen glands |
| Lymphadenopathy | Disease of the lymph nodes |
| Lymphangioma | Abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels forming a mass, usually benign |
| Splenomegaly | Enlargement of the spleen |
| Tonsillitis | Inflammation of the tonsils |
| Splenectomy | Surgical removal of the spleen |
| Thymectomy | Surgical removal of the thymus |
| Tonsillectomy | Surgical removal of the tonsils |
| Oncology | Study, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors |
| onc/o | Tumor |
| Malignant | Cancerous tumor |
| Benign | Nonmalignant tumor |
| Neoplasm | Any abnormal new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, rapid, and progressive |
| Apoptosis | Death of normal cells in normal time cycle, programmed cell death |
| Pedunculated | Having a peduncle or stalk |
| Encapsulated | Tumor is retained within a border of connective tissue |
| Metastasis | Pathogenic growth distant from the primary disease site, beyond control |
| Metastasize | Invasion by pathogenic growth to a point distant from primary disease site |
| Carcinoma | Malignant growth of epithelial cells |
| Sarcoma | Malignant neoplasm arising from any type of connective tissue |
| carcin/o | Cancer |
| Sarc/o | Flesh |
| Carcinogen | Substance that produces cancer |
| -gen | Producing |
| Anaplastic | Reverting to a more immature form |
| Dysplastic | Abnormal cell development |
| Follicular | Containing glandular sacs |
| Hyperplastic | Excessive cell numbers |
| Hypoplastic | Deficient cell numbers |
| Nodular | Tight cell clusters |
| Pleomorphic | Having many cell types |
| Undifferentiated | Lacking a defined cell structure |
| Cystic | Fluid filled |
| Medullary | Large and fleshy |
| Ulcerating | Having depressed, open areas |
| Verrucous | Wartlike growths |
| Brush Biopsy | Passing of a catheter with bristles on it into an organ to remove cells for examination |
| Needle Biopsy | Cells are aspirated through a needle, fine need aspirate, FNA |
| Exfoliative Biopsy | Cells are scraped off of the skin for evaluation |
| Histopathology | Microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues |
| Touch preps | Collections of cells on a glass slide pressed against a part of the mass |
| Adenocarcinoma | Malignant growth of epithelial glandular tissue |
| Blastoma | Neoplasm composed of immature undifferentiated cells |
| blast/o | Immature cells |
| Hemangioma | Benign neoplasm composed of newly formed blood vessels |
| Hemangiosarcoma | Malignant tumor of vascular tissue |
| Leiomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of smooth muscle |
| Lymphoma | Neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue, usually malignant, also called Lymphosarcoma, LSA |
| Mast Cell Tumor | Malignant growth of tissue mast cells, cells that release histamine, MCT |
| What are mast cell tumors associated with? | Vomiting, Anorexia, and other varying signs depending on tissue involved |
| Melanoma | Neoplasm composed of melanin pigmented cells |
| Myeloma | Malignant neoplasm composed of bone marrow |
| Myosarcoma | Malignant neoplasm composed of muscle |
| Myxoma | Tumor of connective tissue |
| Neuroblastoma | Malignant neoplasm of nervous tissue origin |
| Osteosarcoma | Malignant neoplasm composed of bone |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of striated muscle |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Malignant tumor developed from squamous epithelial tissues, SCC |
| Chemotherapy | Treatment of neoplasm through use of chemicals |
| Fulguration | Destruction of tissue by high frequency electrical current |
| Lymphadenectomy | Surgical removal of a lymph node |
| Radiation Therapy | Treatment of neoplasm through the use of x-rays, RT |
| Radiosensitive tumor | Absorbs radiation and responds by dying or shrinking |
| Radioresistant tumor | Minimally affected by radiation |
| What are some side affects of radiation? | Alopecia and Leukotrichia |
| Leukotrichia | Whitening of the hair |
| Surgical Excision | Removal of entire mass in addition to some normal tissue to ensure entire mass is removed |
| CMI | Cell-Mediated Immunity |
| DIC | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
| H&E | Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain |
| PMN | Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte |
| FNA | Fine Needle Aspirate |
| LSA | Lymphosarcoma |
| RAD | Radiation Absorbed Dose |
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