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4.2.1 Digestion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oral Cavity | The mouth; the first part of the digestive system where food enters and is chewed and mixed with saliva. |
| Pharynx | The throat; a muscular tube that connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus and helps move food from the mouth to the esophagus. |
| Epiglottis | A small flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe when you swallow, preventing food from entering the airway. |
| Esophagus | A muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach through rhythmic contractions called peristalsis. |
| Stomach | A muscular, J-shaped organ that stores food and begins digestion by mixing it with gastric juices to break it down. |
| Small Intestine | A long, coiled tube where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur. It has three main parts: |
| Duodenum | The first part of the small intestine where most chemical digestion happens; it receives enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. |
| Jejunum | The middle part of the small intestine where most nutrient absorption occurs. |
| Ileum | The final part of the small intestine that absorbs remaining nutrients, especially bile salts and vitamin B12, before passing contents to the large intestine. |
| Cecum | A pouch-like section at the beginning of the large intestine where the small intestine (ileum) empties its contents. |
| Large intestine | The final section of the digestive tract that absorbs water, forms solid waste (feces), and prepares it for elimination. |
| Ascending Colon | The first part of the colon that travels upward on the right side of the abdomen; absorbs water and nutrients from digested material. |
| Transversing Colon | The middle part of the colon that runs across the abdomen from right to left; continues water absorption and moves waste along. |
| Descending Colon | The part of the colon that travels downward on the left side of the abdomen; stores the remains of digested food. |
| Sigmoid Colon | An S-shaped section of the colon leading to the rectum; stores feces until they are ready to be expelled. |
| Rectum | The final part of the large intestine where feces are stored before leaving the body. |
| Anus | The opening at the end of the digestive tract through which feces exit the body. |
| Salivary Glands | Glands in the mouth that produce saliva, which helps start digestion by breaking down starches and making food easier to swallow. |
| Teeth | Hard structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing food into smaller pieces to aid digestion. |
| Tounge | A muscular organ in the mouth that moves food during chewing and swallowing and contains taste buds. |
| Uvula | The small, soft, cone-shaped structure hanging at the back of the throat; it helps with swallowing, speech, and preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. |
| Liver | A large organ that produces bile (which helps digest fats), removes toxins from the blood, and performs many important metabolic functions. |
| Pancreas | An organ that produces digestive enzymes (released into the small intestine) and hormones like insulin that help regulate blood sugar. |
| Appendix | A small, tube-like pouch attached to the cecum; its exact function isn’t fully clear, but it may play a role in immune function and gut bacteria. |
| Upper Esophageal | Valve between the throat and esophagus that opens for swallowing. |
| Lower Esophageal | Valve between the esophagus and stomach that prevents acid reflux. |
| Pyloric | Valve between the stomach and small intestine that controls food leaving the stomach. |
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