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Socl final
chapters 8-17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| . How people vary according to social characteristics is known as __________. | social differentiation |
| The greatest degree of stratification is found in __________ societies. | recently industrialized |
| Durkheim argued that an increased division of labor created __________. | organic solidarity |
| Which of the following is true in a caste system? | Class is ascribed at birth. |
| Social status refers to which of the following? | Honor and prestige given by the community |
| Opportunities that people have to improve their income are termed__________. | social class |
| Which of the following is true according to structural functionalism? | Stratification and inequality are created by the needs of society. |
| If the masses are influenced by elite ideology, they have what Marx called__________. | false consciousness |
| In examining the distribution of income and wealth in the United States,which of the following is most true? | A relatively small percentage of the population has a relatively largeproportion of the income and wealth. |
| . Kristy holds a higher social position than her father, Ken. She hasexperienced __________. | intergenerational mobility |
| The greatest equality is found in hunting and gathering societies | True |
| . Caste systems allow no social mobility | True |
| . Conflict theorists argue that because stratification is so persistent, it mustbe functional for societies. | False |
| People in the US are said to be extremely class-conscious | False |
| The research of Sewell and others found a strong relationship betweenattitude and success. | False |
| Which of the following best describes a racial group? | a socially defined group based on inherited physical traits |
| A group that is subordinate to the majority in power and privilege is a(n) __________. | minority group |
| Which of the following best describes a minority group? | A minority group has less power and fewer privileges than the majority group. |
| Which of the following is true of prejudice? | It is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people |
| Widely held beliefs about the character and behavior of all members of a group thatoperate to sustain prejudice are referred to as __________ | stereotypes |
| . What did Adorno find in his study of the “authoritarian personality”? | Authoritarian people are more inclined to be prejudiced |
| . Why was the jigsaw technique developed? | to reduce prejudice in the classroom |
| Which of the following is true of institutional discrimination? | It is caused by criteria established by institutions. |
| When does institutional racism occur | When the folkways, mores, and laws of a society are racist. |
| Mass expulsion of a race __________. | was used by the United States on American Indians |
| A minority group is any that has fewer members than some other group in a society | False |
| . Individual prejudice is a factor in institutional discrimination | False |
| . The Brown v. Board of Education decision was aimed at eliminating de facto segregation | False |
| Braceros are illegal immigrants searching for work in the United States | False |
| One of the largest Jewish populations in the world is found in the US | True |
| . The social basis of gender differentiation means which of the following? | All of the above |
| Which of the following is true of the influence of hormones on the nervous system? | It is biologically determined. |
| What do structural functionalists argue? | that the roles of husbands and wives are becoming similar |
| Conflict theorists argue that men have historically done which of the following? | considered women valuable property |
| . As of 2016, what percentage of women were in the workforce? | 56.8% |
| . In 2015, the median income of women working full time, year-round was __________compared to men’s income of __________. | $37,118; $48,202 |
| The idea of comparable worth calls for which of the following? | equal pay for work requiring similar levels of skill, even if the work is not identical |
| Women’s movements in Europe focused on __________. | special privileges for women |
| The amendment that would have guaranteed women equal rights under the Constitutionwas the __________ Amendment. | Equal Rights |
| In 1975, sexual harassment was reported by __________% of working women to be a__________ problem. | 92, serious |
| . Studies show that sex hormones’ effect on the nervous system is solely responsible forstructuring male and female behavior. | False |
| Beguines were married female workers. | False |
| . Most women work in the secondary labor force, where there are many layoffs, fewpromotions, and infrequent wage increases. | True |
| The number of women heads of families living in poverty has been decreasing. | False |
| Women’s reproductive organs are often viewed as problematic by doctors | True |
| . Expectations about the behavior considered appropriate for people of a given age are called__________. | age norms |
| . An age-related progression or sequence of roles and group memberships that people areexpected to follow is called __________. | life course |
| The branch of gerontology that focuses on the social and cultural factors related to ageand the aging process is known as __________. | social gerontology |
| Prejudice and discrimination based on age are referred to as __________. | ageism |
| Which of the following is true? | Health problems generally do not prevent old people from participating in daily life. |
| . The average number of years remaining for people who attain a certain age is referred to as__________. | life expectancy |
| The dependency ratio compares __________. | the number of aged and young to the working population |
| The group with the shortest life expectancy is __________. | Black men |
| . The elderly most often live in __________. | metropolitan areas |
| The theory stating that as people grow older, they go through a period of withdrawal is the__________. | disengagement theory |
| Today, the elderly comprise about 13% of the population | True |
| Florida has the highest proportion of elderly of any state in the United States. | True |
| Activity theory suggests that the elderly actively withdraw once they retire. | False |
| Elderly people are hospitalized more often than young people | True |
| . Men are the most frequent victims of elder abuse | False |
| . Sociologists consider the family to be a __________. | all of the above |
| . The family that consists of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption whoshare a common residence is the __________. | nuclear family |
| . In the United States, the typical family is the __________. | modified extended family |
| The most common form of polygamy is __________. | polygyny |
| . The pattern of ending a marriage with one spouse and marrying another is called__________. | serial monogamy |
| Buddy and Paulette, who were recently married, live with Paulette’s side of the family. Thisresidential pattern is __________. | matrilocal |
| . Keary and Amy, who are married, trace their children’s ancestry through both of theirfamilies. This illustrates __________ descent. | bilateral |
| . Which type of norm requires that people marry outside their group? | exogamous |
| . The idea that every society has a rule that every child should have a father is called theprinciple of __________. | legitimacy |
| . Marriage rates are influenced by __________. | all of the above |
| The typical family in the United States has both a nuclear and an extended form | true |
| . Polygyny occurs when a woman has more than one husband. | False |
| . Hebrew laws stated that if a man had sexual intercourse with an unbetrothed virgin, hewas required to marry her and to pay her father the bride price | True |
| . The United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world | False |
| Women who have children are more likely to hold jobs than those who do not | false |
| Which of the following is not one of the elements Durkheim identified as being commonto all religions? | church buildings |
| . People in certain societies who are believed to have special knowledge and the ability toinfluence spirits are called __________. | Shamans |
| Belief in and worship of more than one god is known as __________. | monotheism |
| The largest religious denomination in the United States is __________. | roman catholics |
| . In sociology, nationally recognized or official state religions are referred to as __________. | ecclesia |
| Manifest functions of religion include which of the following | all of the above |
| According to historians, the oldest religion in the Western world is __________. | judaism |
| . The religion that emphasizes submission to the will of Allah is __________. | islam |
| . What religion is usually practiced along with a native religion? | buddism |
| . In the United States, the religious belief that a dramatic transformation of the world willoccur and that Christ will rule the world is called __________. | millennialism |
| Sacredness is a property inherent in an object. | false |
| . Fundamentalists believe in a strict literal interpretation of the Bible. | True |
| . Sects may in time become denominations. | True |
| Televised religious programming in the United States is typically not-for-profit, with mostof the money generated going to charities and nongovernment organizations. | False |
| ISKCON is rooted in Hinduism | True |
| Which of the following is not a latent function of education? | creating new knowledge |
| Teaching values and norms necessary for maintaining the stratification system is part ofthe __________. | hidden curriculum |
| According to conflict theorists, how does the US educational system perpetuateinequality? | all of the above |
| The practice of requiring degrees for most high-paying jobs, even when the degrees do notnecessarily signify skills necessary to do the jobs, is called __________. | credentialism |
| . Harvard College was founded in 1636 to educate whom? | ministers with an emphasis on ethics |
| Which of the following is true of compulsory US public education? | all of the above |
| Stratification in the United States school system is evident in __________. | all of the above |
| . Magnet schools are those that do which of the following | attract exceptional students |
| Which of the following is true of a contest mobility system? | all of the above |
| . In analyzing education and mobility, which of the following is true? | Family background is more closely related to occupation than is level of education |
| age segregation is a manifest educational function in the united states | false |
| . The University of Georgia is one of the oldest public universities in the United States. | true |
| . The majority of faculty in colleges and universities are now white women. | false |
| The “Christian schools” of the past 2 decades were the first to emphasize Christianity ineducation. | false |
| . To decentralize the bureaucracy means to put more decision-making power in the hands oflocals rather than the school boards | true |
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