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Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the largest organ by weight? | The skin |
| What does the skin act as a barrier between? | Internal and external environment |
| What are the main functions of the skin barrier? | Protection, temperature control, sensory, and injury defense |
| How many layers does the skin have? | Two layers |
| What is the epidermis made of? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Is the epidermis the thin outer or thick inner layer? | Thin outer layer |
| What type of tissue is the dermis made of? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| What supplies the epidermis with nutrients? | Blood vessels from the dermis |
| What separates the epidermis from the dermis? | Basement membrane |
| What layer is beneath the dermis? | Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) |
| How many layers does the epidermis usually have? | 4-5 layers |
| What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called? | Stratum Basale |
| What happens to older epidermal cells as they move upward? | They move upward, lose nutrients and die |
| What protein makes older epidermal cells tough and waterproof? | Keratin |
| What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | Stratum corneum |
| What happens to the cells in the stratum corneum? | They are dead and shed off |
| Which body areas have the thickest epidermis? | Palms and soles |
| Which extra layer appears only in palms and soles? | Stratum lucidum |
| What causes decubitus ulcers? | Blocked blood supply |
| What do melanocytes produce? | Melanin |
| What is the purpose of melanin? | Protect from UV and gives skin color |
| What determines darker skin or hair? | Amount and type of melanin |
| What does oxygen-rich blood do to skin color? | Makes skin pink/red |
| What is the blue tint from oxygen-poor blood called? | Cyanosis |
| What causes yellow skin due to disease? | Jaundice |
| What causes yellowish skin from diet? | Eating carotene-rich foods |
| What do dermal papillae do? | Bind epidermis to dermis |
| What type of tissue makes up the dermis? | Areolar and dense connective tissues |
| What structures are in the dermis? | Smooth muscle, nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, glands |
| What is the subcutaneous layer called? | Hypodermis |
| What tissues bind the skin to underlying tissue? | Areolar and adipose tissue |
| What are nails? | Protective covering on finger and toes |
| What is the nail plate made of? | Keratinized cells |
| What is the nail matrix? | Actively growing region at the proximal nail bed |
| What is the lunula? | Half-moon shaped region at nail matrix |
| What is hair composed of? | Dead keratinized epithelial cells |
| What is the deepest part of the hair root called? | Hair bulb |
| What forms the hair shaft? | Old cells pushed outward & keratinized |
| What muscle causes hair to stand up (goosebumps)? | Arrector pili muscle |
| What do sebaceous glands produce? | Sebum |
| What do eccrine glands do? | Produce sweat for cooling |
| Where are apocrine glands located? | Axillary & groin regions |
| What do ceruminous glands produce? | Ear wax |
| What do mammary glands secrete? | Milk |
| What vitamin does the skin help produce? | Vitamin D |
| What are the 4 main skin functions for homeostasis? | Protection, sensation, chemical reactions, temperature regulation |
| What happens to dermal blood vessels during hyperthermia? | Vasodilation |
| What happens to dermal blood vessels during hypothermia? | Vasoconstriction |
| What reaction produces shivering? | Muscle contractions to generate heat |
| What causes inflammation? | Injury or stress |
| What 4 signs characterize inflamed skin? | Red, warm, swollen, painful |
| What is the first step of deep wound healing? | Form a blood clot |
| What do fibroblasts do in wound healing? | Bind wound edges |
| What do phagocytic cells do in wound healing? | Remove debris |
| What layer is injured in a first-degree burn? | Epidermis only |
| What layer is injured in a second-degree burn? | Epidermis and some dermis, blister |
| What layer is destroyed in a third-degree burn? | Epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures |
| What rule estimates body surface area burned? | Rule of nines (divides the body into regions) |
Created by:
asavell