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2nd exam review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a metabolic pathway? | A series of enzyme-controlled reactions that convert one molecule into another one |
| How can the end product give negative feedback to the enzyme-controlled metabolic pathway? | It binds to the first enzyme and shuts it off so the pathway stops |
| Which stage of cellular respiration creates the most ATP? | The electron transport chain (ETC). |
| What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic? | Aerobic uses oxygen; anaerobic does not. |
| What is it called when catabolism uses water to make smaller molecules? | Hydrolysis |
| List the specific complementary base pairings of DNA. | A-T and C-G T-A and G-C |
| What molecule carries energy in a form the cell can use? | ATP |
| Why is ATP important to cellular processes? | It provides energy for all cellular processes. |
| What happens during DNA replication? | Identical, DNA forms |
| How much of the genome is similar between 2 individual humans? | About 99.9% |
| What is released by the citric acid cycle? | CO₂, 2 ATP. |
| What is the difference between transcription and translation? | Transcription makes mRNA; translation makes protein. |
| What reaction builds larger molecules by removing water? | Dehydration synthesis. |
| Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce 2 ATP and 2 other molecules—what are they? | 2 pyruvates. |
| Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic reaction? | Anaerobic |
| Describe the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate. | Substrate sticks to enzymes, the enzyme changes it, then lets it go |
| What enzyme controls DNA replication? | DNA polymerase. |
| What is the major tissue type that covers all body surfaces? | Epithelial tissue. |
| List the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue. | Collagen, elastic and reticular |
| What are the primary functions of connective tissue? | Support, protection, binding, storage, transport. |
| List the three types of cartilage. | Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartliage |
| What are the primary cell types found in cartilage vs bone? | Cartilage = chondrocytes; bone = osteocytes. |
| What are the bony concentric circles that are found in compact bone? | Osteons |
| What type of connective tissue stores fat and protects organs against trauma? | Adipose tissues |
| What is the difference between the 3 types of muscles? | Skeletal: voluntary/striated; Cardiac: involuntary/striated; Smooth: involuntary/non-striated. |
| What differentiates merocrine (eccrine) glands from apocrine glands? Give 1 example of each. | Merocrine: secrete by exocytosis (cooling sweat). Apocrine: part of cell released (armpit sweat). |
| What is the function of fibroblasts? | They produce fibers and ground substance. |
| Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, and mast cells are the major cell types found in what kind of connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue. |
| Synovial membranes are made of what kind of tissue? | Loose connective tissue |
| What kind of muscle is found in the wall of most hollow internal organs? | Smooth muscle |
| What kind of epithelium is found in the skin epidermis? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| Ligaments are made of what kind of tissue? | Dense regular connective tissue. |
| List the most superficial and the deepest layers of the epidermis. | Superficial: stratum corneum; Deepest: stratum Basale. |
| What is the difference between dermis and epidermis in terms of thickness and location of blood vessels? | Epidermis: thin, no blood vessels; Dermis: thick, has blood vessels. |
| Differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns, particularly in terms of blisters, pain, and layers of skin. | • 1st-degree: only epidermis; red, painful, no blisters. • 2nd-degree: epidermis + part of dermis; blisters, pain. • 3rd-degree: full thickness; destroys nerves so often painless. |
| What determines hair color? | Amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes. |
| What is keratinization? | Process where cells fill with keratin, die, and form a tough protective layer. |
| What is the function of fingernails and where do they grow from? | Protection: they grow from the nail matrix. |
| What is the purpose of melanin? | Protects skin from UV radiation and give skin color |
| What produces melanin and in which layer of epidermis is it located? | Melanocytes; located in the stratum Basale. |
| Is albinism related to melanin? | Yes—albinism is caused by little to no melanin production. |
| What is the thick oily substance that protects and lubricates the surface of the skin? | Sebum |
| Name 3 accessory structures of the skin. | Hair, nails, glands (sebaceous & sweat glands). |
| What are arrector pili? | Tiny muscles that make hair stand up (“goosebumps”). |
| List 3 functions of skin. | Protection, temperature regulation, sensation. |
| Describe “cyanosis.” | A bluish color of the skin caused by low oxygen levels causes blue skin. |
| Is the skin the largest or smallest organ in the body? | The skin is the largest organ |
| What nervous system cells protect and support neurons in the CNS? | Neuroglia |
| What do the dermal blood vessels do differently with hyperthermia vs hypothermia? | Hyperthermia: blood vessels dilate. Hypothermia: blood vessels constrict. |
| List the layers of skin. | Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). |
Created by:
asavell