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4.2.1 Digestion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oral Cavity ( Upper GI ) | The mouth; where food enters the body and is chewed, mixed with saliva, and broken down. |
| Pharynx ( Upper GI ) | The throat; a passageway for both food and air that connects the mouth to the esophagus. |
| Epiglottis ( Upper Gl ) | A flap of cartilage that closes over the windpipe when you swallow to keep food from entering the lungs. |
| Esophagus ( Upper Gl ) | A muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach through rhythmic contractions. |
| Stomach ( Upper Gl ) | A muscular sac that churns food and mixes it with acid and enzymes to begin protein digestion. |
| Small Intestine ( Upper Gl ) | A long, coiled tube where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur. |
| Duodenum ( Upper Gl ) | The first section; receives chyme from the stomach and digestive juices from the liver and pancreas. |
| Jejunum ( Upper Gl ) | The middle section; absorbs most nutrients like sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. |
| Ileum ( Upper Gl ) | The final section; absorbs remaining nutrients and vitamins, especially vitamin B12 and bile salts. |
| Cecum ( Lower GI ) | A pouch-like first part of the large intestine; connects the ileum to the colon. |
| Large Intestine ( Lower GI ) | Absorbs water and electrolytes and forms solid waste. |
| Ascending Colon ( Lower GI ) | Runs upward on the right side; absorbs water and nutrients from digested food. |
| Transverse Colon ( Lower GI ) | Runs across the abdomen; continues absorbing water and forming stool. |
| Descending Colon ( Lower GI ) | Runs down the left side; stores the remaining waste. |
| Sigmoid Colon( Lower GI ) | S-shaped final part; holds feces until ready to move into the rectum. |
| Rectum ( Lower GI ) | Stores solid waste before it exits the body. |
| Anus ( Lower GI ) | The opening where feces leave the body; controlled by sphincter muscles. |
| Salivary Glands ( Accessory Organs ) | Produce saliva, which begins chemical digestion and helps lubricate food for swallowing. |
| Teeth ( Accessory Organs ) | Break food into smaller pieces through chewing (mechanical digestion). |
| Tongue ( Accessory Organs ) | Helps move food, aids in swallowing, and contains taste buds. |
| Uvula ( Accessory Organs ) | The small flap that hangs in the back of the throat; helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. |
| Liver ( Accessory Organs ) | Produces bile, which helps break down fats; also detoxifies chemicals and processes nutrients. |
| Pancreas ( Accessory Organs ) | Produces digestive enzymes and releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine. |
| Appendix ( Accessory Organs ) | A small tube attached to the cecum; thought to store helpful gut bacteria. |
| Upper esophageal ( Sphincters ) | A ring of muscle at the top of the esophagus that opens to allow food to enter from the pharynx. |
| Lower esophageal (Cardiac) ( Sphincters ) | Located at the bottom of the esophagus; prevents stomach acid from flowing back up. |
| Pyloric ( Sphincters ) | Controls the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). |
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