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ch 4&5
lifespan
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nuclear Family | Two adults + children living together Traditional family unit |
| Extended Family | Includes additional relatives (grandparents, aunts, uncles) living in the home More support for child care & daily needs |
| Single-Parent Family | One parent performs roles of both mother and father Financial + emotional strain often ↑ |
| Blended / Reconstituted Family | Parents with children from previous marriages Stepchildren + biological children living together |
| Social Contract Family | Unmarried couple living together Share responsibilities, may or may not have children |
| Homosexual Family | Same-sex partners with or without children May be biological, adopted, or donor-conceived |
| Adoptive Family | Parents legally adopt child Full permanent parental rights |
| Foster Family | Temporary care Children placed by social services or court order Goal = reunite child with biological parents |
| Communal Family | Group of people living together, sharing roles, resources, and responsibilities Based on common values and beliefs |
| Transnational / Transitional Family | One or both parents work away from home or another country Long separation periods |
| LGBTQ+ Family | LGBTQ+ parents raising children May be adopted, biological, or blended |
| Grandparent Family | Grandparents raising grandchildren Increasing in the U.S. |
| Physical Maintenance | Food, water, clothing, shelter, healthcare Meeting basic survival needs |
| Protection | Safety, protection from harm Supervision and boundaries Parents keep children safe from danger & abuse |
| Nurturance | Loving care, attention, and encouragement Emotional stability for healthy development |
| Socialization / Education | Teaching right vs wrong Preparing child to be part of society Teaching rules, values, social norms |
| Reproduction | Continuation of the family Bearing and raising children |
| Recreation | Family activities that build connection Outings, holidays, shared hobbies |
| Support / Economic Support | Providing money, resources, and stability Managing household responsibilities |
| Illness | Affects family stress levels May change roles (child becomes caregiver) |
| Divorce | Causes stress, role changes Children may feel guilt or blame Co-parenting becomes important |
| Death & Grief | Family must adjust to loss Different ages grieve differently Communication & support are important |
| Homelessness | Causes instability and stress Children may have developmental and school difficulties |
| Immigration | Stress adapting to new culture Language barriers Financial strain Possible separation from extended family |
| Violence & Neglect | Leads to trauma Affects emotional development and trust |
| Couple Stage | Two people form a family unit Establishing a home, finances, roles |
| Childbearing Stage | Birth of first child → adjustments Bonding, dividing tasks Learning new parenting roles |
| Childrearing Stage | Families with children from preschool to adolescence Teaching independence & social skills |
| Child-launching Stage | Children becoming independent Parents support child moving out Adjust to empty nest |
| Middle Years | Parents renew interests Prepare for retirement Support adult children |
| Older Family Stage | Retirement Role reversal with aging Adjust to health changes, loss |
| Firstborn | Responsible Achievement-oriented Leaders |
| Middle Child | Flexible Good negotiator/peacemaker |
| Youngest Child | Charming Attention-seeking Often dependent |
| Only Child | Mature early Independent Strong language skills |
| Autocratic Pattern | One person (usually parent) makes all decisions Strict discipline |
| Patriarchal Pattern | Male or father is the dominant authority |
| Matriarchal Pattern | Female or mother is the head of household |
| Democratic Pattern | Decisions shared by all members Open communication |
| Functional Family | Supportive Meets physical & emotional needs Clear communication Nurturing and stable |
| Dysfunctional Family | Lacks support Poor communication Abuse, neglect, inconsistent rules Leads to emotional/behavioral problems in children |
| Freud Oral Stage (Birth–18 months) | Pleasure from mouth; sucking & biting; trust based on feeding. |
| Freud Anal Stage (18 months–3 years) | Toilet training; gaining independence and control. |
| Freud Phallic Stage (3–6 years) | Genitals become focus; Oedipus/Electra complex; identify with same-sex parent. |
| Freud Latency Stage (6–12 years) | Sexual impulses repressed, social & intellectual development. |
| Freud Genital Stage (12–20 years) | Sexual maturity; intimate relationships; independence. |
| Trust vs Mistrust (Birth–18 months) | Needs met → forms trust; not met → mistrust. |
| Autonomy vs Shame (18 months–3 years) | Independence; self-control; toilet training. |
| Initiative vs Guilt (3–6 years) | Purpose; ability to try new things; guilt if criticized. |
| Industry vs Inferiority (6–12 years) | School success; competence; inferiority if failing. |
| Identity vs Role Confusion (12–20 years) | Who am I? Independence; peer influence. |
| Intimacy vs Isolation (20–30 years) | Form strong relationships; fear of rejection → isolation. |
| Generativity vs Stagnation (30–65 years) | Contribute to future generations; stagnation = self-absorption. |
| Ego Integrity vs Despair (65 years+) | Satisfaction with life; despair if regretful. |
| Sensorimotor (Birth–2 years) | Object permanence; learning through senses. |
| Preoperational (2–6 years) | Egocentric; symbolic play; magical thinking. |
| Concrete Operational (6–12 years) | Logical thinking; reversibility; conservation |
| Formal Operational (12+ years) | Abstract reasoning; problem-solving. |
| Preconventional Level (4–10 years) | Avoid punishment; self-interest. |
| Conventional Level (10–13/adolescence) | Seek approval; follow rules to maintain social order |
| Postconventional Level (Adolescence–Adulthood) | Internal moral principles; justice; human rights. |
| Gilligan — Preconventional | Self-centered. |
| Gilligan — Conventional | Caring for others; self-sacrifice. |
| Gilligan — Postconventional | Responsibility for self & others; caring is moral foundation. |
| Cephalocaudal | Growth from head → toe. |
| Proximodistal | Growth from center → outward. |
| Defense Mechanisms — Purpose | Protect the ego and reduce anxiety. |
| Identification | Modeling behavior after someone admired. |
| Regression | Returning to earlier developmental stage |
| Projection | Attributing one’s own feelings to others. |
| Sublimation | Channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable actions. |
| Characteristics of Growth & Development | Occur in orderly patterns Are continuous Affect all body systems Are influenced by environment Follow directions: cephalocaudal & proximodistal |
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