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terminology
piratical exam four
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| monosynaptic reflex | simplest type of reflex arc, holding a direct connection between a sensory and motor neuron, allowing for a quick response to stimuli ex: knee-jerk reflex |
| polysynaptic reflex | complex reflex arc that involves multiple synapses between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons, allowing for more intricate response to stimuli compared to monosynaptic reflexes ex: withdraw reflex in response to pain |
| inborn/intrinsic reflex | autonomic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli that occur without conscious thought, often serving protective functions. mediated by neutral pathways known as reflex arcs ex: knee-jerk reflex |
| acquired/learned reflex | complex motor responses that develop after birth, an example would be riding a bicycle, where the body adapts to respond immediately to regain balance without conscious thought |
| receptive field | specific area of sensory space that can trigger a response from a sensory neuron when stimulated |
| two point threshold | the minimum distance at which a person can distinguish between two separate points of touch on the skin, if any two points are closer then the two point threshold this can be perceived as one point of touch |
| tactile localization | the ability to identify a specific location on the body where a touch stimulus is applied |
| adaption | the biological process in which a species becomes better suited for their environment |
| referred pain | the sensation of pain perceived in a location different from the actual source of the pain stimulus ex: during a heart attack pain may be felt in the left shoulder or arm instead of the chest, where the injury occurred |
| blind spot | area in the visual field where no image is detected due to the absence of photoreceptor cells at the optic disk where the nerve exits the eye, also called scotoma |
| accommodation | eyes ability to adjust its focus on objects at varying distances by changing the shape of the lens ex: looking at a nearby object, the colliery muscles contract, making the lens thicker to focus clearly, looking at distant object causes lens to flatten |
| near point of vision | closest distance at which an eye can focus on an object, as people age the distance can increase due to lens loosing elasticity making it harder to focus on nearby objects |
| emmetropic (normal vision) | state of normal vision where light rays from distant objects are focused sharply on the retina, without use of corrective lenses |
| myopic (near-sighted) | condition know as nearsightedness where distant objects appear blurry because light focusses in front of the retina instead of directly on it, eyeball is elongated |
| hyperopic (far-sighted) | farsightedness, a visual condition where distant objects are seen clearly but close objects are blurry due to light focussing behind the retina, where the eyeball is shorted then normal or the cornea is flatter |
| visual acuity | clarity of vision, measuring how well a person can see fine details, 20/20 vision meaning a person can see clearly at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance |
| astigmatism | common vision condition caused by an irregular shape of the cornea or lens, leading to blurred or distorted vision at all distances, the light is bent unevenly on the retina, causing images to appear blurry or wavy |
| color blindness | condition where individuals have difficulty distinguishing certain colors due to issues with the cone cells in the retina that detect color ex: red-green color blindness may confuse shades of red and green |
| binocular vision | the ability to perceive a single image using both eyes, allowing for depth perception and a wider field of view |
| depth perception | the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and judge the distance of objects |
| convergence | coordinated inward movement of both eyes to focus on a near object, essential for maintaining single binocular vision |
| ophthalmoscope | medical instruments used to examine the interior structures of the eye, including the retina and the optic disc |
Created by:
sarahebradley06