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chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What does the nervous system include | all of the neural tissue through the body |
| what two types of cells compose neural tissue | neurons and neuroglia/glial cells |
| define the term: neurons | perform all the communication, information processing, and the control functions of the nervous system |
| define the term: neuroglia/glial cells | supporting cells |
| list one of the 4 major organs of the nervous system | brain |
| list one of the 4 major organs of the nervous system | spinal cord |
| list one of the 4 major organs of the nervous system | sensory receptors |
| list one of the 4 major organs of the nervous system | the nerves that link them |
| list and describe one of the 2 anatomic divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system - brain and spinal cord |
| list and describe one of the 2 anatomic divisions of the nervous system | peripheral nervous sytem - all neural tissue outside the CNS |
| list and describe one of two functional divisions of the nervous system | afferent - senory "arrives" |
| list and describe one of the two functional divions of the nervous system | efferent - motor "exits" |
| what is the central nervous system responsible for | consists of the brain and spinal cord and is respinsible for intergrating information and processing information such as sensory information and motor commads |
| what is the seat of higher order functions | the brain |
| what are some of the higher order functions | intelligence, memory, and emotions |
| what does the peripheral nervous system include | all neural tissue outside the CNS |
| what does it carry to the CNS | sensory information to the CNS |
| what does it carry away from the CNS | motor commads away from the CNS |
| who carriers this information | bundles of axons or nerve fibers |
| what are nerves | bundles of fibers |
| what are cranial nerves | nerves attatched to the brain (12 pairs) |
| what are spinal nerves | nerves attached to the spinal cord (31 pairs) |
| what is the afferent division | "arrives" to the CNS - this functional divisions of the PNS brings sensory information to CNS from receptors |
| what is the efferent division | "exists" the CNS - this functional division brings motor commads from the CNS to the PNS |
| what is an effector | ends at an effector - a cell that can respond or a target organ |
| define the following: somatic nervous system | SNS - controls skeletal muscles - volume control and reflexes (unconscious) |
| define the following: autonomic nervous system | ANS - controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose (visceral motor) - involuntary or unconscious control of these tissues |
| define: sympathetic | fight or flight - accelerates heart rate and breathing rate but slows down digestion |
| defien: parasympathetic | rest and digest - slows down heart rate and breathing rate but accelerates digestion |
| what are neurons specialized for | communication |
| define the following parts of a neuron: cell body/soma | contains the majority of cytoplasm and contains nucleus |
| define the following parts of a neuron: dendrites | branches off cell body to communication wiht other neurons |
| define the following parts of a neuron: axon | a long thin process where action potentials are conducted |
| define the following parts of a neuron: telodendrion | branches at distal end of neuron - posses synaptic terminals |
| define the following parts of a neuron: perikaryon | cytoplasm of the cell body |
| define the following part of a neuron: nissl bodies | rough endolasmic reticulum (RER) of neuron |
| what gives gray matter its color | neurotransmitter are produced in the RER, which gives the gray color |
| define the following parts of axons: axoplasm | cytoplam of the axon |
| define the following parts of axons: axolemma | cell membran of the axon |
| define the following parts of axons: axon hillock | thick region of axolemma attaching to cell body |
| define the following parts of axons: initial segment | holds axons to axon hillock |
| define the following parts of axons: telodendria | distal branches of axon, become synaptic terminals |
| define the following parts of axons: synaptic terminals/axon terminals | hold neurotransmitters |
| what is a synapse | when to cells come together to communicate |
| what does presynaptic cell mean | the cell that comes first in a synapse, which is usually a neuron |
| what does post synaptic cell mean | whihc recieves the commands from the neuron |
| what is synaptic cleft | the space between the pre and post synaptic cell |
| what are neurotransmitters | communication across the synaptic cleft occurs using chemical messengers |
| where are neurotransmitters stored | in the synaptic vessicles |
| what is a presynaptic membrane | what neurontransmitters are released throuhg into the synaptic cleft |
| what is a post synaptic membrane | where neurotransmitters bind to receptors on |
| what is the role of enzymes in the synaptic cleft | they break down neurotransmitters on the post synaptic cell |
| define the following types of synapses: neuromuscular junction | synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell - skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells |
| define the following types of synapses: neuroglandular junction | synapse between a neuron and a gland cell -endocrine and exocrine |
| define the following types of synapses: neuron to neuron | synapse between a neuron and another neuron |
| Define the following types of neurons based on the structure: anaxonic | small neurons with many dendrites, but no axon - located in the brain and some special sense organs |
| Define the following types of neurons based on the structure: bipolar | have two distinct process or poles - one dendrite and one axon with a cell body between them -they occur in the eye and some special sense organs |
| Define the following types of neurons based on the structure: unipolar | the dentrite and the axon are continous (on pole) or fused -cell body lies to one side -allow for informations ot travel large distances |
| Define the following types of neurons based on the structure: multipolar | have two or more dendrites and a single axon (many poles) -most common in nervous system -all motor neurons are of this type |
| define the following types of functional neurons: sensory neurons | or afferent neurons, form the afferent divison of the PNS -deliver sensory information from receptors to the CNS |
| define the following types of functional neurons: motor neurons | or efferent neurons, fomr the efferent division of the PNS - these carry information from the CNS to peripheral effectors |
| define the following types of functional neurons: interneuorns | or association neurons - located in the brain and spinal cord, distribute sensory information and coordinate motor commands -also play a role in memory, planning, and logic |
| what are sensory ganglia | a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS |
| what are afferent fibers | are unipolar neurons whos axons form afferent fibers and these fibers extend from receptors to the CNS |
| list and describe one of the two types of sensory neurons | somatic sensory neurons - monitors the outside world and our positsions in space (touch, taste, smell, sound) |
| list and describe one of the two types of sensory neurons | visceral sensory neurons - monitor the internal conditions of the body |
| define/describe: interceptors | monitor the internal digestive, repsiratory, caridovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems - they provide information concerning stretch, deep pressure, and pain |
| define/describe: exteroceptors | provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temp, pressure, taste, smell, sight, balance(equilibirum), and hearing |
| define/describe: proprioceptors | monitor the movement and positions of skeletal muscels and joint |
| what forms the efferent division of the PNS | motor neurons or efferent neurons |
| what do they carry from the CNS to effectors | carry instructions from the CNS to the peripheral effectors |
| what are the axons leaving the CNS called | efferent fibers |
| what are the neurons components of | components of the somatic motor, and visceral motor systems (autonomic nervous system) |
| how does the somatic nervous system operate | operate underconscious control and includes all somatic motor neurons |
| what does the somatic nervous sytem innervate | the skeletal muscles |
| how does the visceral motor neurons operate/regulate | without conscuous control |
| list one of the 4 effectors under control of the visceral motor neurons | smooth muscles |
| list one of the 4 effectors under control of the visceral motor neurons | cardiac muscle |
| list one of the 4 effectors under controls of the visceral motor neurons | glands |
| list one of the 4 effectors under controls of the visceral motor neurons | adipose |
| where do the cell bodies reside | in the autonomic ganglia |
| list the 4 CNS neuroglia | ependymal cells |
| list the 4 CNS neuroglia | astrocytes |
| list the 4 CNS neuroglia | oligodendrocytes |
| list the 4 CNS neuroglia | microglia |
| list the 2 PN2 neuroglia | satellite cells |
| list the 2 PNS neuroglia | schwan cells |
| ependymal cells: where are they found | in the CNS, they line the central canal and ventricles of the brain, where cerebrospinal fluid flow |
| ependymal cells: what do they produce | CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) |
| ependymal cells: what do they contain | cilia |
| ependymal cells: what do they allow for | the normal circulation of CSF |
| astrocytes: where are they located | in the CNS and are the largest and most numerous neuroglis |
| astrocytes: list one of the 6 functions | maintains blood brain barrier insolating the CNS from the body circulation |
| astrocytes: list one of the 6 functions | creates the framework of the CNS |
| astrocytes: list one of the 6 functions | repairs damaged neural tissues |
| astrocytes: list one of the 6 functions | assist in neuron development - controls growth and connections of neurons |
| astrocytes: list one of the 6 functions | controls the interstitial fluid - regulates the carbon dioxide, nutrient, and ion levels |
| astrocytes: list one of the 6 functions | absorbs and recycles any remaining and unabsorbed neurotransmitters |
| oligodendrocytes: where are they located and what do they do | in the CNS, and myelinate neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) |
| oligodendrocytes; what do myelin sheathes doe | increases the speed action potentials travel |
| Oligodendrocytes: what makes it white matter | if the axon is myelinated |
| Oligodendrocytes: what makes it gray matter | if the axon lacks myelin |
| Oligodendrocytes: what is a node of raniver | regions where the myelin is lacking |
| Oligodendrocytes: what are internodes | spaces that posses myelin |
| microglia: where are they located | in the CNS |
| microglia: describe them | are the least numerous and smallest of the neuroglia |
| microglia: when do they appear | early in development |
| microglia: what do they do | remove wastes and pathogens |
| satellite cells: what do they do | (amphicytes) functions like the astrocytes of the CNS but in the PNS -regulates external enverionmnet |
| schwann cells: what do they do | (neurolemmacytes) - myelinates neurons in the PNS |
| where is myelin found | wrapped aroun the axon of a neuron |
| what does myelin do | increases the speed of an action potential |
| what are the gaps between myelin sheathes called | nodes or nodes of ranvier |
| what are internodes | locations where myelin sheaths are present |
| what are the two gradients that exist across a cell membrane | chemical gradients and electrical gradients |
| chemical gradients: what ions are important | concentrations gradients of ions, Na+ and K+ |
| chemical gradients: what is high in the cell at resting | K+ will be high in the cell |
| chemical gradients: what is high outside the cell at restign potential | Na+ will be high out of the cell |
| electrial gradiens: what causes the gradient | seperate charges of postive and negative ions |
| electrical gradients: what does it results in | results in potential difference |
| electrical gradients: what is the charge inside | will be slightly negative |
| electrical gradients: what is the charge outside | slightly postive |
| electrical gradients: what is the cell said to be | polarized |
| electrical gradients: what do positive and negative charges do | attract |
| electrical gradients: what do like charges do | repel |
| what is one major factor involved in the formation of the resting transmembrane potential | sodium potassiun pump |
| what is one major factor involved in the formation of the resting transmembrane potenital | potassium leak channels |
| what maintins the resting potential | maintained by sodium potassium ATPase pumps |
| what is the voltage around | -70mV |
| what is a neuron not doing here | not sending signal |
| about how many potassium leak channels to sodium leak channels are there | around 4 to 1 potassium leak channels to sodium leak channels |
| what impact on charge do these two things have | this maintins an overall negative charge inside in the ICF |
| decribe the following events of membrane processes: threshold | the charge at when a cell will form an action potential |
| decribe the following events of membrane processes: graded potential | the results of a small amount of Na+ entering the synapse that form an action potential |
| decribe the following events of membrane processes: action potential | an electrical event involving one section of the axon membrane along propagates along the entire membrane until it reaches a synaptic terminal |
| decribe the following events of membrane processes: synaptic activity | when action potentials arrives to terminal ends of the neurontransmitters are released which bind to receptors on the post synaptic cell whihc cna depolarize it to threshold |
| decribe the following events of membrane processes: information processing | the response of the post synaptic cell |
| define the following types of channels: chemically gated | regulated by neurotransmitter binding |
| define the following types of channels: voltage gated channels | open a specific voltage |
| define the following types of channels: mechanically gated channels | open and close in response to mechanical distortions of the cell membrane |
| what causes graded potentials to form | the result of a small amount of Na+ entering the synapse that can form an action potential |
| when do graded potentials form action potentials | will form actiona potential given that it depolarizes to threshold |
| what happens when chemically gated sodium channels at a synapes open | in a small amount of Na+ entering the neuron |
| how does the charge change | |
| at what chare is threshold | |
| what will happen if threshold is reached | |
| what happens when an action potential arrives to the synaptic terminal | |
| where do neurotransmitters bind | |
| what results will that have on the post synaptic cell | |
| list the 4 steps: | |
| list the 4 steps: | |
| list the 4 steps | |
| list the 4 steps | |
| what is the charge at resting | |
| describe what and how much in and out the sodium potassium ATPase pump pumps | |
| what does this do to NA+ in the ECF | |
| what does this do to K+ in the ECF | |
| what does this do to K+ in the ICF | |
| what does this fo to Na+ in the ICF | |
| what is the charge inside | |
| what is the charge outside | |
| what do you say a cell is now | |
| what causes a net flow of cations | |
| what does this do to the ICF charge | |
| what does opening of hte chemically gated Na+ channels do to the neuron | |
| why does sodium enter the cell | |
| what type of membrane potential form | |
| when can these forms action potentials | |
| what does the charge move away from | |
| what happens if -60mV is reached | |
| what happens if the neurons failed to depolarize to-60mV | |
| what is this called | |
| what opens at threshold | |
| the charge goes from ____ to _____ | |
| what gates close at 30mV | |
| what gates open at 30mV | |
| what ion leaves the cell? why? | |
| the cell will become | |
| when do voltage gated K+ channels close | |
| what does the charge become because some K+ still leaves as the gates are closing? what is this called | |
| what returns cells back to resting potential | |
| where do action potentials generate? | |
| where do action potentials begin | |
| where do action potentials propagate | |
| where do action potentials move from what to what | |
| what spread the depolarization to the next segment of the axon | |
| what are postivie ions attracted to | |
| what are postive ions attracted to | |
| what are postive ions repelled by | |
| what does this keep action potential doing | |
| what is the order of segment the axon does - alternate | polarized to depolarized to repolarized to hyperpolarized back to polarized |
| what is continous propgation | |
| what kind of cells does it occur in | |
| what speed does it go at | |
| what is saltatory propagation | |
| what does it bypass | |
| what kind of cells does it occur in | |
| what kind of speed does it go at, why | |
| how does diamter impact speed, why | |
| define the following cells based on diamter and myelination: type A fiber | |
| define the following cells based on diamter and myelination: type B fiber | |
| define the following cells based on diamter and myelination: type C fiber | |
| what is absoulte refractory period | |
| what is relative refractory period | |
| what is post synaptic potential | |
| what is an excitatory post synaptic potential | |
| what is an inhibitory post synaptic potential | |
| what is temporal summation | |
| what is spatial summation | |
| what are excitatory neurotransmitters | |
| what are inhibitory neurotransmitters | |
| Know that some neurotransmitters can be both depending on the receptor. | |
| what are cholinergic synapses | |
| one place you may find cholinergic synapses: | |
| one place you may find cholinergic synapses: | |
| one place you may find cholinergic synapses: | |
| one place you may find cholinergic synapses: | |
| what is an adrenergic synapse | |
| why is andrenergic synapse important | |
| Give examples of each type of neurotransmitter class: biogenic amines | |
| Give examples of each type of neurotransmitter class: amino acids | |
| Give examples of each type of neurotransmitter class: neuropeptides | |
| Give examples of each type of neurotransmitter class: dissolved gasses | |
| I will cover the basics of each class, and member of that class, but I will not test on that level. I will ask you which is in each class | |
| describe presynaptic inhibition: | |
| Describe presynaptic facilitation: |
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