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Ch. 1 Introduction

Introduction to Cells

TermDefinition
cell The basic unit of structure and function in living things
microscope An instrument that makes small objects look larger.
cell theory A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
cell wall A rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms
cell membrane A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell and controls which substances pass into and out of a cell.
nucleus In cells, a large oval organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities.
organelle A tiny structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
ribosome A small, grain-shaped organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell that produces proteins.
cytoplasm The thick fluid region of a cell located inside the cell membrane(in prokaryotes) or between the cell membrane and nucleus(in eukaryotes).
mitochondria Rod-shaped organelles that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.
endoplasimic reticulum An organelle that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cells to another.
Golgi apparatus An organelle in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.
vacuole A sac-like organelle that stores food, water, and other materials.
chloroplast An organelle in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food.
lysosome A cell organelle which contains chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones and can be used by the rest of the cell.
multicellular Consisting of many cells.
unicellular Made of a single cell.
tissue A group of similar cells that perform a specific function
organ A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together.
organ system A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
element A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other other substances by chemical or physical means.
compound A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio, or proportion.
carbohydrate An energy-rich organic compound, such as a sugar or a starch, that is made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
lipid An energy-rich organic compound, such as a fat, oil, or wax, that is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
protein Large organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
enzyme A type of protein that speeds up chemical reaction in a living thing.
nucleic acid A very large organic molecule mad of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
DNA Deoxyriboncleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
double helix The shape of a DNA molecule.
selectively permeable A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass across it, while others cannot.
passive transport The movement of dissolved materials across a cell membrane without using cellular energy.
diffusion The process by which molecules move from an area of lower concentration.
osmosis The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
active transport The movement of materials across a cell membrane using cellular energy.
endocytosis The process by which the cell membrane takes particles into the cell by changing shape and engulfing the particles
exocytosis The process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
Created by: abuddana
 

 



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