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EES Study stack
this is for studying everything in Mrs janzs class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| thermal | Relating to heat energy, especially heat transferred within Earth’s interior. |
| mantle | The thick, rocky layer between the crust and core made of semi-solid silicate minerals that flow slowly over long timescales. |
| Continental drift | The hypothesis that continents are not fixed but slowly move across Earth’s surface, originally proposed by Alfred Wegener. |
| Seismic waves | Vibrations produced by earthquakes that travel through Earth’s interior and along its surface, providing clues to Earth’s structure. |
| geosphere | The solid Earth system, including rocks, minerals, landforms, and all layers beneath the surface. |
| Outer core | A liquid layer of molten iron and nickel whose movement generates Earth’s magnetic field. |
| Transform boundary | A boundary where plates slide sideways past each other, causing earthquakes. |
| Unstable isotopes | Atoms with an unbalanced nucleus that naturally decay and release heat, contributing to Earth’s internal temperature. |
| earthquakes | Sudden releases of energy caused by stress along faults or plate boundaries. |
| Richter Scale | A logarithmic scale that measures an earthquake’s magnitude based on seismic wave amplitude. |
| volcanism | Processes involving the movement of magma to Earth’s surface, forming volcanoes and lava flows. |
| Seafloor spreading | The formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges as plates pull apart and magma rises. |
| S (seismic) waves | Slower, shear-motion waves that travel only through solids. |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | Matching fossils, aligned mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and puzzle-fit continents that suggest they were once joined. |
| ridge | A long, elevated region on the ocean floor formed by rising magma at divergent boundaries. |
| isotope | atoms with a unstable nucleus /unstable amount of nuetrons |
| convection | The movement of material within a fluid caused by differences in temperature and density, resulting in circulation. |
| asthenosphere | A soft, ductile layer of the upper mantle that behaves plastically and allows tectonic plates to slide and move on top of it. |
| pangea | A supercontinent that existed hundreds of millions of years ago where all continents were joined before breaking apart. |
| fossil | Preserved remains, imprints, or traces of organisms from the past, often found in sedimentary rock layers. |
| density | A measure of how tightly packed matter is; determines how rock layers and plates sink or float within Earth. |
| Divergent boundary | A location where tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust (e.g., mid-ocean ridges). |
| subduction | The process where a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate and is recycled into the mantle. |
| Mantle convection | Slow, heat-driven circulation of mantle rock that moves tectonic plates and shapes Earth’s surface. |
| tsunamis | Large ocean waves generated by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. |
| Fault lines | Cracks in Earth’s crust where rock blocks have moved relative to each other. |
| lava | Magma that erupts from a volcano and flows on Earth’s surface. |
| ductile | Capable of bending or flowing without breaking; describes mantle rock under high heat and pressure. |
| magnitude | A measure of the total energy released by an earthquake. |
| trench | A deep, narrow valley on the ocean floor formed where one plate subducts beneath another. |
| plume | A rising column of hot mantle rock that forms volcanic hotspots like Hawaii. |
| half-life | The time needed for half of the atoms in a radioactive isotope to decay into a different, stable form. |
| Thermal convection | the crucial heat transfer process where fluids (air, water, molten rock) move in currents, driven by density changes from heating and cooling |
| Tectonic plates | Tectonic plates are the massive, moving pieces of Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) that constantly shift due to internal heat, forming our dynamic planet's surface |
| radioactivity | the spontaneous process by which unstable atomic nuclei (radioisotopes) lose energy and attain stability by emitting radiation (particles or electromagnetic waves) |
| Radioactive decay | the natural process where unstable atomic nuclei (radionuclides) release energy as radiation (alpha, beta, gamma), transforming into more stable atoms (daughter nuclides) over time |
| Inner core | the planet's solid, innermost layer, a super-hot, dense ball of iron and nickel, about the size of the Moon, |
| Convergent boundary | where two tectonic plates move towards each other (collide) |
| Rock cycle | Earth's continuous process of transforming rocks between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types, driven by Earth's internal heat, pressure, and surface forces like weathering, erosion |
| Mountain formation | the geological process where tectonic forces, primarily plate movement, cause the Earth's crust to uplift, fold, fault, or erupt, creating elevated landforms through compression (like Himalayas) |
| seismograph | a sensitive instrument that detects, measures, and records ground motion from seismic waves, primarily from earthquakes, but also from explosions, volcanic activity, or even large vehicles |
| epicenter | the point on the Earth's surface that is directly and vertically above the hypocenter (or focus) of an earthquake |
| magma | molten (liquid) or semi-molten rock found beneath the Earth's surface |
| P (seismic) waves | the fastest seismic waves from earthquakes, moving like sound waves (compressions/rarefactions) through solids, liquids, and gases, arriving first |
| Alfred Wegener | proposing the theory of continental drift, suggesting continents were once joined in a supercontinent (Pangaea) and have since drifted apart |
| slab-pull | the powerful gravitational force from a cold, dense oceanic tectonic plate sinking (subducting) into the mantle at a subduction zone, dragging the rest of the plate behind it |
| rift | a geological area where the Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is being pulled apart by divergent tectonic forces, creating fractures, faults, and depressions like rift valleys |
Created by:
Everstudy