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Chapter One ES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| system | A group of parts that work together as a whole. |
| energy | The ability to do work or cause changes. |
| atmosphere | The relatively thin layer of gases that form Earth's outermost layer. |
| geosphere | The densest parts of Earth that include the crust, mantle, and core. |
| hydrosphere | The portion of Earth that consists of water in any of its forms, including oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and water vapor. |
| biosphere | The parts of Earth that contain living organisms. |
| constructive force | Any natural process that builds up Earth's surface. |
| destructive force | Any natural process that tears down or wears away Earth's surface. |
| seismic wave | Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake. |
| pressure | The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface. |
| crust | The layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface. |
| basalt | A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust. |
| granite | A usually light colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust. |
| mantle | The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core. |
| lithosphere | A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. |
| asthenosphere | The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. |
| outer core | A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth. |
| inner core | A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the Earth. |
| radiation | The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. |
| convention | The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of fluid. |
| conduction | 1.The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another. 2.A method of charging an object by allowing electrons to flow from one object to another object through direct contact. |
| density | The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.(mass divided by volume) |
| convection current | The movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another. |