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Path Ch 5
Pathology Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mastication | chewing, mechanical breakdown of food. |
| degluttion | the action or process of swallowing. |
| chyme | milky white substance found in stomach. |
| peristalsis | rhythmic smooth muscle contractions that aid in digestion. |
| emulsifer | bile, substance that disperses fat into small droplets. |
| ulceration | a discontinuity or break in bodily membrane that impedes normal function |
| polyp | inward growth/tumor. |
| diverticula | hallow out-pouching |
| hematochezia | blood in stool |
| hematemesis | blood in vomit |
| bile | fluid produced in liver, stored in g/b, that aids the digestion of lipids in SB |
| steatorrhea | the passage of bulky, foul-smelling, stool that floats |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| parts of the upper GI tract | oropharynx, pharynx, esophagus, stomach |
| parts of the lower GI tract | Small Intestine- Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Large Intestine- Cecum/ appendix, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Rectum, Anus |
| Mastication | chewing; increase surface tension of food |
| Digestion | saliva |
| parts of the esophagus | proximal, mid, distal |
| congenital | result from the failure of esophageal lumen to develop separate from the trachea |
| acquired | approximately 50% are caused by malignancy in the mediastinum. |
| reflux | Symptomatic condition or structural changes caused by reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus |
| Barrett’s Esophagus | the normal squamous lining of the lower esophagus is destroyed and replaced by columnar epithelium |
| t/f: esophagitis has a high rate of developing into malignancy. | true |
| Progressive difficulty in swallowing in 40+ must be assumed to be cancer, until disproven | esophageal cancer |
| Dilated veins in the wall of esophagus, common results of increased pressure (portal hypertension), usually caused by liver cirrhosis | esophageal varices |
| achalasia | Functional obstruction of distal esophagus with proximal dilation caused by incomplete relaxation of esophageal sphincter |
| what secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion | stomach |
| Inflammation of the stomach | gastritis |
| Occurs when two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyperplastic and hypertrophic; in children | Pyloric Stenosis |
| Most common cause of acute upper GI bleed. | peptic ulcer disease |
| where do most stomach cancers occur | distal stomach |
| how long is the small bowel | 22-23 ft |
| duodenum | bile and pancreatic juices/ main area of digestion in intestines |
| jejunem | majority of absorption of nutrients |
| ileum | some digestion |
| A chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause. | crohns disease |
| small bowel obstruction | Fibrous adhesions caused by pervious surgery or peritonitis 75% |
| Telescoping of one part of intestinal tract into another because of peristalsis; common in children | intussusception |
| malabsorption | Defective absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats from the small bowel |
| Develops when the neck of the appendix becomes blocked by a fecalith or by post inflammatory scarring that creates a closed loop obstruction in the organ | appendicitis |
| Diverticulosis | outpouchings that represent acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layers at points of weakness in the bowel wall |
| Diverticulitis | Complication necrosing inflammation in diverticulum, leads to the development of a peridiverticular abscess |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Only affects mucosal layer rectosigmoid but includes all of the colon. Not SB. |
| Crohn’s Colitis | Patchy distribution |
| symptoms of ischemic colitis | abrupt onset of lower abdomen pain with rectal bleeding with diarrhea |
| what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US | colon cancer |
| what ____% of large bowel obstructions result from primary colonic carcinoma | 70 % |
| Twisting of the bowel on itself that may lead to intestinal obstruction | Volvulus |
| Varicose veins of the lower end of the rectum that cause pain, itching, and bleeding | Hemorrhoids |
| what stores bile | gallbladder |
| what __% of acute cholelithiasis occur after obstruction of the cystic duct by an impacted gallstone | 95% |
| Rare condition in which the growth of gas-forming organisms in the g/b is facilitated by stasis and ischemia | Emphysematous Cholecystitis |
| Extensive calcification caused by chronic cholecystitis | Porcelain Gallbladder |
| what is the function of the liver | detoxification, produces biochemical for digestion |
| what is bile used for | emulsifier needed for digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E and K. |
| Most prevalent inflammatory disease of the liver. | liver |
| Chronic destruction of liver cells and structure | cirrhosis |
| primary liver cell carcinoma most commonly occurs in pt’s with underlying hepatocellular disease | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Most common malignant tumors of liver | hepatic mets |
| what does the pancreas produce | insulin |
| what helps control blood sugar levels | pancreas |
| Inflammatory process in which protein and lipid digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and digest the organ | Acute Pancreatitis |
| frequent intermittent injury to the pancreas causes damage and scar tissue | Chronic Pancreatitis |
| Loculated fluid collections arising from inflammation, necrosis, or hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis or trauma | Pancreatic Pseudocyst |
| Adenocarcinoma | 90% most common, often far advanced and has metastasized before detection |
| Insulinoma | produces increased insulin |
| Ulcerogenic | islet cell tumors gastrinomas; Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
| Diarrheogenic | islet cell tumor |
| Free air in the peritoneal cavity associated with significant abdomen pain and tenderness | Pneumoperitoneum |
| what is Pneumoperitoneum caused by | perforation of gas |
| what acts as a blood filter and removes red blood cells | spleen |
| enlargement of the spleen | splenomegaly |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| where does esophageal cancer occur at | esophagogastric junction |
| most common abnormality detected on upper GI or CT | hiatal hernia |
| what does the gallbladder attach to | Duodenum by Sphincter of Oddi |
| what is the most prevalent inflammatory disease of the liver | Hepatitis |
| what hepatitis are healthcare workers most susceptible to | hep B |
Created by:
rnmps