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Drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are drugs/what do they do? | small molecules that bind to specific parts of specific proteins, changing the structure and function (modifies something in you) |
| What do most drugs mimic? | endogenous molecules, like binding to either an enzyme, substrate, or receptor |
| What are good competitive enzyme inhibitors? | transition state analogs |
| Agonist meaning | binds and activates a receptor |
| Antagonist | binds and blocks receptor activation |
| What is a transition state? | more bonds between that and the enzyme. preferred over substrate |
| What are opioids? | derive from or mimic natural substances opium found in poppy plants (ex. morphine) |
| How do opioids work? | they bind to opioid receptors in the brain, decreasing neurotransmitter release, causing pain-relieving effects |
| What do opioids mimic? | endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced/stored in pituitary gland |
| What is narcan? | opioid mimic with a higher receptor affinity than other opioids (mimic of a mimic) |
| What does it mean when narcan is an opioid antagonist? | its binding prevents opioids to receptor |
| What is narcan primarily used to treat? | overdoses, preventing effects for 30-90 mins |
| What are antibiotics? | used to treat bacterial infections, kills the microbe not the patient |
| what do antibiotics NOT treat? | viral infection |
| bacteriostatic meaning | inhibits bacterial growth |
| bactericidal meaning | destroys or kills bacteria |
| 3 basic targets of antibiotics | 1) cell wall interference 2) nucleic acid synthesis interference 3) protein synthesis interference (ribosome inhibition) |
| What is insulin? | natural hormone, synthesized and injected to treat some types of diabetes. Agonist action |
| Type 1 (insulin) | cannot make/release insulin |
| Type 2 (insulin) | insulin insensitivity |
| Gestational meaning | diabetes that develops during pregnancy |
| What are thiazolidinediones? | treatment drug that increases insulin sensitivity (agonist). Helps those with type 2 |
| What is GLP-1? | Natural hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and appetite |
| What is Ozempic? | developed as a diabetes drug, GLP-1 mimic modified to last longer, receptor agonist. It stimulates insulin release and suppresses glucagon release; reduces appetite |
| 1st modification for GLP-1 | R-group is changed to something different, so the drug persists longer |
| 2nd modification for GLP-1 | Fatty acid is added onto a lysine residue, so the drug can bind to a specific protein |
| 3rd modification for GLP-1 | Lys converted to Arg because there was 2 Lys in the OG protein, so there's no fatty acid attached to that amino acid (making drug more effective) |
| What does SSRI stand for? | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
| What do serotonin receptors do? | Controls mood, emotion, and behavior and a target for many drugs |
| What does a SSRI do to serotonin? | It doesn't increase serotonin, but enhances effects |
| What is prozac and how does it work? | serotonin mimic, modifies levels being an antagonist. Binds and blocks serotonin reuptake transporters to presynaptic terminal to increase serotonin concentration |
| What are SSRIs used to treat? | depressive/anxiety disorders |
| What are cannabinoids? | molecules like THC mimic endogenous molecules like anandamide |
| What is zonisamide? | it binds to sodium and voltage-sensitive calcium channels; treats epilepsy |
Created by:
madalynes