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AP world unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Russian Empire | A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule; it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe. |
| Yasak | Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs. |
| Qing Empire | growth of this dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a central Asian empire that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire’s population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China |
| Mughal Empire | A successful state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples who invaded India and provided a rare period of relative political unity (1526–1707); their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. |
| Akbar | The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire (r. 1556–1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion. |
| Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy. |
| Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century. |
| devshirme | A term that means “collection or gathering”; it refers to the Ottoman Empire’s practice of removing young boys from their Christian subjects and training them for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. |
| Protestant Reformation | in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to church authority and its endorsement of salvation by faith alone, and also came to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions. |
| Martin Luther | German priest who issued the Ninety-Five Theses and began the Protestant Reformation with his public criticism of the Catholic Church’s theology and practice |
| Thirty years war | Catholic-Protestant struggle that was the culmination of European religious conflict, brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory. |
| Counter-reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century stimulated in part by the Protestant Reformation; at the Council of Trent Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education |
| Taking Onqoy | Literally, “dancing sickness”; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans and the restoration of an imagined Andean golden age. |
| Jesuits in china | Series of missionaries who sought to understand and become integrated into Chinese culture as part of their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success |
| Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) that advocated an strict lifestyle and strict adherence to the Islamic law; became an expansive state in central Arabia. |
| Wang Yangming | Influential Ming thinker who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life by introspection and contemplation, without the extended education and study of traditional Confucianism |
| Kaozheng | “research based on evidence”; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners were critical of conventional Confucian philosophy and instead emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents |
| The Dream of the Red chamber | book written by Cao Xueqin that explores the life of an elite family with connections to the court; it was the most famous popular novel of mid-eighteenth-century China |
| Mirabai | One of India’s most beloved bhakti poets, she transgressed the barriers of caste and tradition. |
| Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1469–1539); combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. |
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sandkyrie6