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pharmacology 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absence seizure/ petit mal seizure | A seizure in which the person experiences a brief period of unconsciousness and stares vacantly into space. |
| Anoxia: | Lack of oxygen to the brain |
| Aura: | Unusual sensation, auditory, visual, or olfactory hallucination that is experienced just before the onset of a seizure |
| Complex focal seizures | Seizure disorder that produces a blank stare, disorientation, repetitive actions, and memory loss |
| Eclampsia | A life-threatening condition that can develop in pregnant women that causes high blood pressure and seizures |
| Epilepsy: | A chronic noncommunicable disease of the brain characterized by a sudden, excessive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons must experience two or more seizures before a diagnosis effects 1% of the population |
| Febrile seizure | A seizure associated with a sudden spike in body temperature |
| Generalized seizure: | A seizure that spreads across both cerebral hemispheres. Includes tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and absence seizures |
| tonic-clonic seizure | [grand mal] A seizure that causes stiffening of the limbs, difficulty breathing, and jerking movements and is followed by disorientation and limbs that become limp |
| Hirsutism | Excessive growth of body hair (especially in women) |
| Myoclonic seizure | A seizure that is characterized by jerking muscle movements and is caused by contraction of major muscle groups |
| Seizure threshold | A person’s susceptibility to seizures |
| Simple focal seizure | A seizure that affects only one part of the brain and causes the person to experience unusual sensations or feelings |
| Status epilepticus | Medical emergency that is characterized by repeated generalized seizures that can deprive the brain of oxygen |
| Internal causes of seizures | Birth defects, infection (meningitis, AIDS), perinatal injury, malignant tumors, lead poisoning, head trauma |
| external causes of seizures | Metabolic disturbance, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalance, drug and alcohol withdrawal |
| Partial seizures | Confined to a single hemisphere (e.g., psychomotor and focal seizures). |
| Neurotransmitters involved in seizure disorders are: | (GABA) – (inhibitory) Glutamate – (excitatory) acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and histamine. |
| Seizures are caused by | an abnormality in nerve signaling by neurotransmitters. Excess neuronal firing results from a combination of: Abnormally high level of excitatory neurotransmitters Low-level inhibitory neurotransmitters |
| Seizures are suppressed by drugs that | Drugs that modulate ion channels (Neuronal firing is inhibited by drugs that delay the inflow of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions) Drugs that stimulate GABA receptors Drugs that inhibit Glutamate |
| Drugs that act on ion channels | Suppress seizure activity by binding to receptors on voltage-dependent sodium channels Phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, pregablin, zonisamide, lacosamide, and ethosuximide |
| Drugs That Modulate Ion Channels: Adverse Reactions | Sedation, dizziness, ataxia, and nausea Hirsutism Phenytoin decreases folic acid, calcium, and vitamin D absorption Carbamazepine/ oxcarbazepine cause double vision (diplopia), bruising, and jaundice. Zonisamide produces kidney stones. |
| Drugs That Potentiate GABA | Effective in treating all types of seizures Enhance the inhibitory actions of GABA administered orally = 100% bioavailability Valproates, barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital), and benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazepam) |
| Drugs That Potentiate GABA: Adverse Reactions | Nausea and vomiting Sedation (less than other antiseizure drugs) Weight gain Hair loss Tremor Diplopia (double vision) Bruising irregular menstruation |
| Drugs That Inhibit Glutamate | Inhibits glutamate Perampenal is a glutamate antagonist that is used to treat partial-onset seizures Rapidly absorbed when taken orally |
| Drugs That Inhibit Glutamate: Adverse Reactions | ⬤ Dizziness ⬤ Somnolence ⬤ Fatigue ⬤ Irritability ⬤ Falls ⬤ Nausea ⬤ Ataxia ⬤ Balance disorder ⬤ Gait disturbance ⬤ Vertigo ⬤ Weight gain |
| Warning Labels all antiseizure drugs | May cause drowsiness; may impair ability to drive Avoid alcohol Do not discontinue without medical supervision |
| Idiopathic | no clear cause - approximately 50% of seizures are idiopathic |
| Phenobarbital | the first drug used to treat seizures, introduced in 1912. |
| drug therapy preferred for treatment of epilepsy | monotherapy |
| Succinimides | first-line drugs for absence seizures. They work by reducing calcium influx |
| Valproates | broad-spectrum antiepileptic drugs that work by enhancing GABA activity, blocking sodium and calcium channels, and stabilizing neuronal firing. |
| topiramate | a new Broad-Spectrum Antiseizure, that inhibits voltage-depending sodium channels. |
| Tegretol (carbamazepine) | used to treat partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Mechanism: It works by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels |
| gabapentin | GABA Analog used to treat partial seizures |
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