Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
patho exam 3
eye and hearing disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| structures within ear | hear and interpret sounds provide information about position and movement of head in space |
| receptors within eye | shapes and colors conveyed in light energy |
| impairments | alter information available to cortex to process disease, aging, medications, environmental factors, genetics |
| disorders of hearing, balance, vision have a | negative effect on overall quality of life |
| children born with hearing or vision deficits | developmental, communication, mobility delays |
| adults with vision or hearing loss | problems with mobility, nutrition, stress, coping, mood, affect increased susceptibility to environmental issues |
| hearing process | sound waves transformed into neural impulses pitch, loudness, timing preserved at each step, allowing brain to perceive sound accurately |
| pathologies of the auditory system disrupt | normal sound transmission |
| types of hearing loss | sensorineural - makes sense of sounds conductive - conducts vibrations of sound waves mixed |
| auricle (pinna) | collects sound pressure waves; directs them into external auditory canal generates cues about timing and intensity of sounds to localize |
| ossicles | malleus (largest); incus; stapes attached oval window, which leads to fluid filled inner ear |
| external acoustic meatus ends at | tympanic membrane, or eardrum |
| external acoustic meatus is lined with | hairs and glands that secrete cerumen to protect the rest of hearing system from dust/debris |
| tympanic membrane | sound receptor and transmitter, vibrations transmitted to ossicles |
| neural signal pathway | along auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve, exits cochlea via internal auditory canal, travels through multiple nuclei in brainstem, proceeds to thalamus, reaches primary auditory cortex, located in temporal lobe |
| inner ear: bony labyrinth consists of | cochlea (hearing), the vestibule (acceleration) and the three semicircular canals (balance) |
| inner ear: bony labyrinth | system of canals in temporal bone fluid filled membranous labyrinth |
| inner ear: cochlea canals | where waves of sounds make sense, scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani |
| inner ear: cochlea are filled with | perilymph (similar to CSF) |
| inner ear: cochlea = | pressure windows |
| kinetic labyrinth | semicircular ducts in semicircular canals - anterior, posterior, lateral |
| static labyrinth | utricle in vestibule saccule in vestibule |
| peripheral balance system: possible effects of loss of peripheral balance function | vertigo feelings of unsteadiness visual blurring hearing sensitivity |
| peripheral balance system: causes of balance disruption | certain diseases and conditions central vestibular disorders some medications |
| conductive hearing loss disorders | sound unable to travel normally to inner ear reflects audibility problem |
| types of conductive hearing loss | outer ear disorders otitis media - most common of middle ear otosclerosis - disorder of middle ear |
| outer ear disorders are | highly treatable (most) |
| outer ear disorders typically do not involve hearing loss except | congenital outer ear malformations |
| some common outer ear disorders | cerumen impaction, collapsed ear canal, external otitis, stenosis of ear canal, microtia or anotia |
| otitis media (OM) is the inflammation of | middle ear space |
| otitis media (OM) | associated with eustachian tube dysfunction because exudate blocks eustachian and nasal tube which blocks the membrane and causes a respiratory problem |
| otitis media (OM) CMs | coldlike symptoms and/or upper respiratory problems |
| acute otitis media (OM) | inflammation of middle ear with acute onset moderate to severe bulging of TM and middle ear effusion |
| acute otitis media (OM) complications | rupture TM conductive hearing loss (temporary) |
| acute otitis media (OM) treatment | antibiotics |
| reccurent otitis media (OM) | Three or more episodes of AOM in 6 months or four or more episodes in 12 months |
| factors that increase risk of reccurence of reccurent otitis media (OM) | male gender, passive exposure to smoking, winter season |
| chronic otitis media | infection longer than six weeks with persistent effusion in middle ear space mild to moderate conductive hearing loss (if not treated) |
| chronic otitis media treatment | topical antibiotics and/or steroids frequent cleaning of ear canal (tube to drain exudate from canal) |
| severe cases of chronic otitis media treatment | surgical intervention and/or systemic antibiotics ventilation/pressure equalization (PE) tubes |
| ostosclerosis is | the abnormal bone growth in middle ear space which blocks sounds and the ossicle enlarged |
| associated hearing loss | Bilateral - lose hearing in both ears Slowly progressive Conductive - can be mixed if otic capsule is involved |
| etiology and pathogenesis of ostosclerosis | Alternating bone resorption and formation Genetic component as autosomal dominant Viral factors Autoimmune system disorders |
| diagnosis of ostosclerosis | Patient history Otoscopy Audiologic results Radiologic results |
| treatment of ostosclerosis | Annual hearing tests to monitor hearing loss Surgical procedures - diminish size of ossicles Hearing aids Fluoride, calcium, vitamin D - nutritional components |
| presbycusis is | hearing loss due to aging |
| presbycusis is the most common form of | hearing loss |
| four types of presbycusis | Sensory presbycusis Neural presbycusis Metabolic, or strial, presbycusis Mechanical, or cochlear conductive, presbycusis |
| Sensory presbycusis | problem with cochlea |
| Neural presbycusis | problem with CNs |
| Mechanical, or cochlear conductive, presbycusis | problem with movement inside cochlea |
| etiology of presbycusis | no widely accepted etiology, various contributing factors |
| presbycusis CMs | progressive decrease in hearing thresholds, decreased ability to understand speech |
| presbycusis diagnosis | history and complete audiologic assessment |
| presbycusis treatment | hearing aids, assistive listening devices, cochlear implants (very few cases, put in at head and works like cochlea to capture sound waves) |
| meniere disease | inner ear disorder with both auditory and vestibular symptoms |
| meniere disease occurs when there is | excess endolymph within membranous labyrinth of inner ear |
| CMs of meniere disease | Intense vertigo with accompanying nausea and vomiting Tinnitus Pressure or fullness in the ear Fluctuating hearing loss |
| tinnitus | always hear something ringing |
| fluctuating hearing loss | comes and goes |
| ototoxicity | side effect of some medications that affect sensory cells |
| ototoxicity damages | sensory cells of inner ear |
| cochleotoxic medications affect | cochlea |
| cochleotoxic medications damages | sensory cells of cochlea |
| cochleotoxic medications causes | sensorineural hearing loss - typically bilateral |
| cestibulotoxic medications affect | peripheral system |
| cestibulotoxic medications damage | sensory cells of peripheral balance system |
| cestibulotoxic medications effects | typicallt bilateral |
| factors affecting extent of ototoxic affects | age, coexisiting medial conditions, genetic predisposition, drug in use/dosage/schedule |
| most widely use ototoxic medications | aminoglycoside antibiotics platinum based antinoplastic medications |
| genetic hearing loss is | one of the most common birth defects |
| genetic hearing loss is caused by | genetic mutation |
| CMs of genetic hearing loss | Nonsyndromic hearing loss Syndromic hearing loss |
| Nonsyndromic hearing loss | hearing loss ONLY, all other senses are normal |
| Syndromic hearing loss | accompanied by pattern of other clinical abnormalities |
| diagnosis of genetic hearing loss | physical attributes related to syndrome genetic testing for definitive diagnosis |
| treatment of genetic hearing loss | Regular audiologic monitoring Sensorineural hearing loss Conductive hearing loss |
| Sensorineural hearing loss uses | Hearing aid or cochlear implant |
| Conductive hearing loss uses | Hearing aid or osseointegrated hearing implant |
| internal structures of the eye | light enters eye through cornea, crosses anterior, through pupil, through lens, image is inverted in lens inverted light lands on retina optic nerve exits back of eye at optic disc |
| myopia | nearsightedness, image focused in front of the lens blurry objects from far away |
| hyperopia | farsightedness, eyeball is too small, image focused behind the retina problems with seeing close up |
| hyperopia is corrected by | contacts |
| presbyopia is | age related |
| presbyopia | farsightedness associated with aging, loss of elasticity reduces accommodation, ciliary muscles weakening and the eye's kens becoming less flexible |
| astigmatism | irregular curvature in the cornea or lens, affects far vision mostly but can affect both |
| strabismus | result from deviation of one eye, double vision (diplopia), may be caused by weak or hypertonic muscle, short muscle or neurological defect |
| strabismus in children | must be treated immediately to prevent development of amblyopia (induced bc brain is used to only moving one eye) |
| nystagmus | rapid, involuntary eye movement develops in some individuals with amblyopia and strabismus may result from neurological causes, inner ear or cerebral disturbance, drug toxicity |
| inhered diplopia | result from neurological causes (stroke), paralysis of extraocular muscle, loss of depth perception |
| vision disorders: color blindness types | Red/green color blindness (most common) Blue/yellow color blindness Achromotopsia (most severe) |
| vision disorders: color blindness can be | Congenital or acquired |
| infection: Hordeolum (stye) | Tender, red, often pus-filled bump along edge of eyelid Bacterial infection in oil glands at base of eyelash Resolved in week without treatment |
| Infection: Conjunctivitis (pinkeye) symptoms | Redness, discharge, itching, burning of eyes Increased tearing; blurred vision, light sensitivity |
| Viral Conjunctivitis (most common) | Adenoviruses; herpes simplex virus Resolves in 7-21 days |
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis (chlamydia) | Resolves within 1 week Symptoms persist up to 3 weeks Topical antibiotics |
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | Not contagious Treated with saline and/or oral and topical medications |
| Infection: Pterygium | Benign growth or conjunctiva; may extend to cornea |
| Infection: Pterygium risk factors | High levels of exposure to UV light, wind and/or airborne irritants |
| Infection: Pterygium causes for removal | Unsightly Interferes with vision Causes discomfort |
| Infection: Keratitis | Severe pain and photophobia: develops when cornea is infected or irritated Transfer from herpes lesion around mouth Increase the risk of ulceration eroding the cornea Scar formation damage the cornea |
| Infection: Keratitis cause | damage from chemicals, splashes and fume |
| corneal abrasion | Scratch or cut on cornea |
| corneal abrasion causes | Foreign body or chemical irritant Rubbing eye too forcefully or being poked in eye |
| corneal abrasion symptoms | Eye redness, tearing, eye pain, blurred vision, light sensitivity |
| corneal abrasion treatment | Flushing with water or a sterile saline solution Topical antibiotics and anti-inflammatories |
| vision disorders: cataracts | Cloudy or opaque discoloration of lens |
| cataracts causes | Age related changes (most common), trauma, congenital anomalies, systemic disease, pharmacologic triggers |
| cataracts diagnosis | Ophthalmologic exam |
| cataracts treatment | Laser to destroy cloudy area Limit exposure to UV light Surgery; ultrasonic vibrations; artificial lens Capsulotomy |
| Capsulotomy | cut part of the lens in part that won’t affect vision |
| vision disorders: glaucoma | Increase in intraocular pressure (due to inability to drain aqueous humors) Leads to slow, painless, progressive loss of vision Numerous risk factors Cause of blindness |
| glaucoma signs and symptoms | Initially asymptomatic Halos around the eye at night Loss of peripheral vision Pain may occur if IOP is greatly increased |
| Vision Disorders: Acute Glaucoma (narrow angle) | Angle between cornea and iris decreased, decreased ability to drain aqueous humor |
| Acute Glaucoma (narrow angle) cause | Aging developmental abnormalities, trauma or infection |
| Acute Glaucoma (narrow angle) treatment | surgery |
| Vision Disorders: Acute Glaucoma (open-angle) | Higher in older than 50 - aging is a main cause Thickness of trabecular network which allows for resorption of fluid, blocks drainage of aqueous humor Pressure increase over time: may cause damage to the retina or optic nerve |
| Acute Glaucoma (open-angle) is | Irreversible and may cause blindness 2nd leading cause of blindness!!! |
| Vision Disorders: Retinopathy | Any disorder of, or damage to, retina Retinal detachment - doesn’t cause pain Retina separates from underlying structures |
| Diabetic retinopathy | leading cause of blindness in US |
| Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy | no angiogenesis, no regeneration of vasculature |
| proliferative diabetic retinopathy | angiogenesis, new vasculature formation in proliferation |
| Retinopathy risk factors | Significant myopia Cataract surgery; PDR, trauma! |
| Vision Disorders: Macular degeneration | Age related, complication of aging Macula degenerates; distortion or loss of central vision because losing cons/rods |
| Dry macular degeneration | Most common Blurring or “wavy” central vision with normal peripheral vision |
| Wet macular degeneration | More severe New blood vessels grow around macula - angiogenesis happens in macula which induces damage Causes bleeding, scarring and photoreceptor atrophy |
Created by:
leh195