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Chapter 14-16 Exam
Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amplitude | Distance an object moves from its resting position during vibrations. |
| Auditory Cortex | Area in temporal lobe of the brain that is responsible for hearing. |
| Auditory Nerve | The 8th cranial nerve that carries information about hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain. |
| Basilar Membrane | Ribbon-like tissue in cochlea that separates scala media (above) from scale tympani (below). Provides the foundation on which the organ of Corti rests. |
| Cerumen | A tacky yellow or brown substance secreted by oil glands in the external auditory meatus. Commonly known as earwax. |
| Cochlea | Coiled tube in the inner ear that houses the sensory cells for hearing; a structure in the inner ear that converts the mechanical energy into an electrochemical energy for transmission to the brain. |
| Complex Sounds | A sound composed of at least two, but usually many more, frequency components. |
| Decibel | A unit that measures the loudness or intensity of sound. |
| Eighth Nerve | The cranial nerve (VIII) devoted to carrying information about hearing and balance to and from the auditory nervous system. |
| Elasticity | The property that enables an object to return to its original shape after being deformed. |
| Eustachian Tube (ET) | The canal that connects the middle of the ear to the back of the throat. The ET opens briefly to equalize the pressure in the middle ear. |
| External Auditory Meatus (EAM) | The canal that directs sound from the pinna to the tympanic membrane. |
| Frequency | The number of cycles of vibration completed in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz). |
| Hair Cells | The sensory cells of hearing and balance that convert sound energy from one form to another. |
| Hertz | A unit that measures frequency of sound waves, or how many vibrations occur per second. |
| Incus | Middle bone in the ossicular chain, attached at either end to the malleus and stapes. |
| Labyrinth | A system of canals connecting portions of the inner ear. |
| Malleus | The outermost bone in the ossicular chain. One end is attached to the tympanic membrane; the other end is connected to the incus. |
| Mass | The amount of matter an object has. |
| Neurons | A specialized cell that conducts bioelectrical messages in the nervous system. |
| Organ of Corti | A collection of sensory and supporting cells that extends from the base of the cochlea to its apex. |
| Ossicular Chain | The three interconnected bones in the middle ear that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. |
| Oval Window | The opening between the middle ear and the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. The footplate stapes seals the opening. |
| Period | The amount of time needed to complete on cycle of vibration. |
| Pinna | On the outer ear, the visible flap of skin attached to the head. |
| Resonance | The frequency at which an object vibrates best. |
| Simple Sounds | A sound composed of a single frequency component. |
| Sound Generation | The process where an object is set into motion through application of an external force. |
| Sound Propagation | The movement of vibration through a medium brought about by collisions between neighboring particles. |
| Stapes | The innermost bone in the ossicular chain. One end is attached to the incus; the other end, or footplate, occupies the oval window. |
| Temporal Bone | One of the seven bones that form the skull. The temporal bone contains the middle and inner ears. |
| Tonotopic Organization | An arrangement where one of a structure's dimensions is systematically laid out according to frequency. |
| Transduction | The process where energy is converted from one form to another. The hair cells change mechanical energy into electrical energy. |
| Traveling Wave | The displacement pattern of the basilar membrane brought about by stimulation with sound. |
| Tympanic Membrane (TM) | The cone-shaped layer of tissue that separates the external auditory meatus from the middle ear cavity. The malleus connects the inner surface of the tympanic membrane. |
| Wave Form | A graph that shows the amplitude as a function of time. |
| Air-Bone Gap (ABG) | The difference, in decibels (dB), between the air conduction threshold and the bone conduction threshold. |
| Air Conduction | The pathway of sounds that includes the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear, and structures beyond. |
| Audiogram | A graph depicting the threshold of audibility (in dB) as a function of different frequencies. |
| Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) | Measurable responses in the brainstem to a series of acoustic stimuli. |
| Bone Conduction | The pathway of sound that bypasses the conductive mechanisms of the outer and middle ears by vibrating the skull and stimulating the cochlea of the inner ear. |
| Conductive Hearing Loss | A loss of hearing sensitivity caused by damage to the outer or middle ear. |
| Hearing thresholds | The quietest level of sound a person can hear at a specific frequency, measured in decibels (dB). |
| Mixed Hearing Loss | A combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in the same ear. |
| Otitis Media | Infection of the middle ear. |
| Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs) | Either spontaneous or evoked sounds emanating from the inner ear. |
| Pure-Tone Average (PTA) | The average of hearing thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, used to estimate overall hearing sensitivity. |
| Sensation Level (SL) | The number of decibels above the auditory threshold of an individual. |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. |
| Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) | The lowest intensity at which speech can barely be heard. |
| Tinnitus | Ringing, roaring, or other sounds heard in the absence of an external sound. |
| Tympanometry | A pressure/compliance function that reveals the status of the middle ear. |
| Word Recognition Scores (WRS) | The score, expressed in percentage, that reveals the ability to discriminate among the sound of speech. |
| Alerting Devices | Devices that change auditory alerting signals that are inaudible for individuals with hearing losses into audible-acoustic, visual, or vibrotactile stimuli. |
| Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) | Devices that transfer an acoustic message over distance so that |
| Audiologic Habilitation | |
| Audiologic Rehabilitation | |
| Bilingual-Bicultural | |
| Cochlear Implant | |
| Listening and Spoken Language (LSL) | |
| Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR) |
Created by:
Agabel05