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Chapter 4 & 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sum of all chemical reactions in the body that support life | Metabolism |
| is the group of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in the cells of the body | Cellular Metabolism |
| Information from DNA | required to construct proteins, including the enzymes necessary for reactions |
| Energy is derived from | chemical bonds in nutrient molecules obtained in the diet |
| breaks down larger (complex) molecules into smaller (simpler) ones; releases energy in the form of ATP | Catabolism |
| Anabolism builds | larger molecules from smaller ones; requires energy released in catabolism |
| typically coupled; the energy released in catabolism fuels anabolism | Anabolism and catabolism |
| a process by which a molecule of water is split, and its parts are inserted into a larger molecule to break its chemical bonds responsible for digestion of dietary nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins | hydrolysis |
| provides the biochemicals for growth and repair | Anabolism |
| removing a molecule of water to join two smaller molecules | dehydration synthesis |
| control the rates of metabolic reactions of the cell complex proteins that lowering the activation energy of a reaction, | Enzymes |
| may begin and proceed more rapidly; | catalysts |
| the capacity change something or to do work | Energy |
| heat, light, sound, electrical energy, mechanical energy, and chemical energy | Common types of energy |
| Most metabolic reactions use held in the chemical bonds of molecules, and is released when the bonds break | chemical energy |
| Release of chemical energy in the cell often occurs through the oxidation of glucose | cellular respiration |
| 40% of the energy released from broken chemical bonds is stored in a molecule called main energy-carrying molecule in the cell | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| most important product that comes from glycolysis, Krebs cycle, & electron transport chain | ATP |
| breaks down glucose in the cytosol = 2 Pyruvic acids & 2 ATP | Glycolysis (anaerobic) |
| (aerobic) in mitochondria = 2 ATP & CO2 | Citric acid cycle ( Kreb’s cycle)( |
| oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) in mitochondria ~ 28 ATP & water | Electron transport chain |
| a portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a single protein | gene |
| is the complete set of genetic instructions for an organism. | genome |
| The portion of the genome that encodes proteins (only about 1.5%) | exome |
| DNA molecules consist of building blocks | nucleotides |
| adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) | The bases found in DNA nucleotides |
| (copying) occurs during interphase: | DNA replication |
| catalyzes joining of new nucleotides to each strand, which form complementary pairs with the original strands | DNA polymerase |
| is the process of converting the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids to become a protein | Translation |
| the amino acids are joined to each other, the new protein molecule folds into its unique shape | conformation |
| form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption | Epithelial tissues |
| support soft parts and bind structures together | Connective tissues: |
| produce body movement | Muscular tissues |
| conduct impulses to control and coordinate body activities | Nervous tissue: |
| thin and flattened | squamous Cell Shape |
| cube-shaped | cuboidal |
| tall and elongated) | columnar |
| 1 layer | simple Layers |
| 2 or more layers | stratified Layers |
| appears layered, but is only one | pseudostratified |
| single layer of thin, flattened cells tightly packed together have broad, thin nuclei found in diffusion and filtration sites exchange of gases in the alveoli of the lungs, and lines blood and lymph vessels, as well as body cavities | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| many layers of flattened cells, designed to protect underlying layers Named for the shape of the outermost layers of cells, which are composed of squamous cells outer layer of skin (epidermis), and lines the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| ,Producing a dry, water-proof, protective layer, in which outer cells are dead. Does not occur in areas in which tissues remain moist and alive: oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, or anal canal | keratinization |
| most common type; release fluid products by exocytosis; produce a watery serous fluid produce a thicker, protective substance (mucus) | Merocrine (eccrine) glands |
| ; produce a thicker, protective substance (mucus) Examples: pancreas, salivary glands, and sweat glands | mucous |
| pinch off a portion of their cell bodies during secretion; example: mammary glands | Apocrine glands |
| release entire cells that disintegrate to release their secretions; example: sebaceous (oil) glands | Holocrine glands |
| function as phagocytes; defend against infection and foreign particles | Macrophages (histocytes): |
| large, fixed cells, located near blood vessels; release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (promotes inflammation) | Mast cells: |
| produce the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissues: | Fibroblasts |
| thick threads of collagen protein; found in long, parallel bundles; high tensile strength to hold structures together, but not very elastic; examples: tendons, ligaments | Collagen (white) fibers: |
| made of the protein elastin; occur in thin branching fibers arranged in a network; stretchy and add flexibility to certain types of connective tissues; example: vocal cords | Elastic (yellow) fibers: |
| thin collagen fibers that form branching, supportive networks in a variety of tissues; example: spleen | Reticular fibers: |
| Loose & Dense connective tissue | Connective tissue proper: |
| Cartilage bone and blood | Specialized connective tissue: |
| Have thin, delicate membranes | Areolar tissue: |
| Contains adipocytes, which store fat in cytoplasm Found under skin, between muscles, around kidneys, around abdominal membranes, behind eyeballs : Cushions joints & organs, stores energy, insulates body | Adipose tissue (fat): |
| Contains thin, reticular fibers Fibers form a 3-dimensional network Forms a framework for certain internal organs (liver, spleen) | Reticular connective tissue |
| densely packed fibers & network of elastic fibers Contains few cells; most are fibroblasts the tissue poor blood supply, heals slowly can withstand pulling forces Found in tendons, ligaments, deep layer of skin, and the white layer of the eyeball | Dense Connective Tissue |
| A rigid connective tissue provides a supportive framework for various structures, protects underlying tissues, serves as models for developing bones Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) lie within lacunae (chambers) in the matrix | Cartilage |
| Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a connective tissue covering | perichondrium |
| most common type of cartilage appears glassy Found on the ends of bones, supports respiratory structures and passages, also important in embryonic development of many bones and bone growth | Hyaline cartilage: |
| Contains elastic fibers in dense network; flexible Provides framework for the external ears and parts of the larynx | Elastic cartilage: |
| Tough tissue containing many collagenous fibers Good shock absorber Found in intervertebral discs, knees and pelvic girdle | Fibrocartilage |
| Supports, Protects structures produce blood cells in the red bone marrow | Bone |
| Bone Cells withing the Lacunae | osteocytes |
| Matrix is arranged in concentric circles | lamellae |
| called osteons or Haversian systems | Cylindrical units |
| composed of formed elements suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma. Functions to transport substances throughout the body | Blood |
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