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EES words
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| thermal | Anything involving, produced by, or caused by heat. |
| mantle | The mantle is the thick layer of hot, semi-solid rock between Earth’s crust and core. |
| Continental drift | Continental drift is the scientific idea that Earth’s continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent (called Pangaea) and have slowly moved to their current positions over millions of years. |
| Seismic waves | Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through Earth, usually caused by earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human-made explosions. |
| geosphere | Geosphere refers to all the solid parts of Earth. |
| Outer core | The outer core is the hot, liquid metal layer inside Earth that helps create our magnetic field. |
| Transform boundary | A transform boundary is a place where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally. |
| Unstable isotopes | Unstable isotopes are versions of an element’s atoms that have extra energy in their nucleus and decay over time into a more stable form, often releasing radiation. |
| earthquakes | An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates. |
| Richter Scale | The Richter Scale is a system used to measure the strength (magnitude) of an earthquake. |
| volcanism | Volcanism is the process of magma, gas, and ash moving from inside Earth to its surface, forming volcanoes and other geological features. |
| Seafloor spreading | Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and slowly moves away from them. |
| S (seismic) waves | S-waves (Secondary waves) are a type of seismic wave that travel through the Earth during an earthquake. |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | Wegener’s support came from fossils, rocks, climate indicators, and the shapes of continents, all suggesting that continents were once joined in a supercontinent (Pangaea). |
| ridge | A ridge is a long, raised area of the Earth’s crust, often formed by volcanic activity under the ocean. |
| isotope | An isotope is an atom of an element that has the same chemical identity but a different weight because of extra or fewer neutrons. |
| convection | Convection is when hot material rises and cool material sinks, moving heat in a circular pattern. |
| asthenosphere | The asthenosphere is a soft, flowing layer of the upper mantle that lets Earth’s tectonic plates move. |
| pangea | Pangaea was a single giant landmass that existed long ago, before the continents drifted to their current positions. |
| fossilThermal convection | A fossil is evidence of a living thing from long ago, preserved in rock or sediment. |
| density | Density is how heavy something is for its size. |
| Divergent boundary | A divergent boundary is where Earth’s plates pull apart, letting magma rise and form new crust. |
| subduction | Subduction is when one tectonic plate slides under another and sinks into the Earth’s mantle. |
| Mantle convection | Mantle convection is the flow of hot and cool rock in Earth’s mantle, which moves tectonic plates. |
| tsunamis | A tsunami is a giant wave in the ocean caused by sudden movements under the sea, often leading to coastal flooding. |
| Fault lines | it’s a crack in the Earth where the ground can suddenly shift. |
| lava | There are different types of lava, some very fast-flowing and others slow and sticky, depending on their chemical makeup. |
| ductile | flexible or able to be shaped without snapping. |
| magnitude | magnitude is a measure of size, strength, or intensity. |
| trench | In short, a trench is a deep, narrow cut or depression in the Earth’s surface. |
| plume | a plume is something that rises and spreads upward, often like a feather or column. |
| half-life | It’s a measure of how quickly something disappears or transforms, not a fixed “end time. |
| Thermal convection | Thermal convection is the movement of a fluid caused by warm, lighter fluid rising and cooler, heavier fluid sinking. |
| Tectonic plates | Tectonic plates are large, rigid pieces of Earth’s outer layer that slowly move over the softer layer beneath them. |
| radioactivity | Radioactivity is the process in which unstable atoms release energy or particles to become more stable. |
| Radioactive decay | Radioactive decay is when an unstable atom changes into a more stable one by releasing energy or particles. |
| Inner core | Inner core is the solid, extremely hot center of the Earth made mostly of iron and nickel. |
| Convergent boundary | Convergent boundary is where two tectonic plates move toward each other and collide. |
| Rock cycle | Rock cycle is the process that describes how rocks change from one type to another—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—through melting, cooling, heat, pressure, and erosion. |
| Mountain formation | Mountain formation is the process where Earth’s crust is pushed up—usually when tectonic plates collide—creating mountain ranges. |
| Seismograph | Seismograph is an instrument that detects and records the vibrations caused by earthquakes. |
| epicenter | is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
| magma | Magma is molten (melted) rock found beneath the Earth’s surface. It contains liquid rock, dissolved gases, and crystals. When magma reaches the surface through a volcano, it is called lava. |
| P (seismic) waves | P waves, or Primary waves, are the fastest earthquake waves that move in a push-pull motion and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. |
| Alfred Wegener | Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift, suggesting that the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have moved apart over millions of years. |
| slab-pull | Slab-pull is the process where a sinking, dense edge of a tectonic plate pulls the rest of the plate downward into the mantle. |
| rift | A rift is a long, narrow zone where Earth’s crust is pulling apart, creating cracks and valleys. |
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