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AP GOV UNIT 4
dont fail
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polling Universe (aka Polling Population) | the large group whose opinion you want to measure |
| Polling sample | The small part of the polling universe that is actually surveyed. |
| Margin of Error | expressed as +/- percentage: degree to which a poll is accurate: lower better than higher. 2.0-2.5% are the best polls. Within the margin of error?-too close to call. |
| Distribution | which groups hold a particular opinion |
| demographics | statistics that describe different groups (gender, race/ethnicity, income etc…) |
| Stability | length of time an opinion has been held-measured by comparing polls over time |
| Intensity | strength of the opinion-polls can measure this by having questions that have those surveyed rank (in importance) of various factors/issues. |
| Benchmark Polls | surveys early in a campaign (on candidates/issues) that can be used to compare to future polls. |
| Tracking Polls | polls asking about the same candidates/issues from different time periods-can “track” changes in public opinion over time. |
| Entrance and Exit Polls | polls taken right before people vote (entrance) or right after they vote (exit). Can help to predict the winners of elections. |
| Push Poll | propaganda device uses the wording of questions, or by providing biased information, to manipulate the outcome of a poll. |
| Straw Poll | non-scientific polling/informal polling. Samples are not random-they are not predictive. |
| Political Socialization | process through which people form/develop their political opinions (ideology) |
| Primacy effect | those things that are learned first are learned best (are retained longer-have a longer lasting effect) |
| Structuring effect | what people learn first, filters what they learn later. Affects the way people interpret information. |
| "self-interest principle" | there is a set of issues on which people form their opinions based on how they will directly affect them. |
| Opinion Schema | an illustration/list of preexisting beliefs that people apply when analyzing a specific candidate, issue, news story. |
| Conventional Participation | typical, mainstream methods of participation; examples: voting, campaign contributions, campaign volunteers etc…. |
| Unconventional participation | non- mainstream activities, such as protesting, demonstrations-etc…(even terrorism can be considered an extreme Unconventional method of participation) |
| Initiative | allows voters to put potential legislation on ballot (petition process) |
| Referendum | allows voters to vote legislation directly into law |
| Recall | allows voters to remove elected officials from office (before the end of their term) |
| Direct primary | allows voters to select the candidates for political office |
| Voter turnout | percentage of eligible voters who actually vote |
| Apathy | when people do not vote because they have no interest or have lost interest in politics (AKA Voter Apathy) |
| Alienation | when people don't vote because they feel hostility toward the political process (AKA Voter Alienation) |
| Disenfranchised | when people can’t vote because of legal limitations-such as being convicted of a felony. |
| Political efficacy | individual belief that participation in politics makes a difference |
| Political Parties | organized groups that seek to elect candidates, influence public policy, and organize government |
| Gender Gap | Gender Gap: statistical difference in how men and women vote |
| “Spoiler Effect | Fear that you will help the candidate you like the least win. |
| Rational Choice Voting | Voting for candidates who you believe will improve your individual situation. (What issues?) |
| Retrospective Voting | Voting based on a candidate’s past (Retro) record. (The assumption is that this is an indication of what they will do in the future)-Examples? More voters use retrospective voting. |
| Prospective Voting: | Voting based on what a candidate promises to do in the future-campaign promises-policy promises-etc…. Examples? |
| Primary Elections | party elections used to nominate candidates |
| General Elections | in which voters select who will hold elected office. |
| Open Primaries | any registered voter can vote in either party’s primary. Closed primaries only registered party members can vote in a party’s primary. |
| Blanket primary | allows voters to vote for candidates in both parties (all candidates are listed on the same ballot-regardless of party) AKA “Jungle Primary” |
| Caucuses | are more informal meeting of party members used to nominate candidates |
| Super Delegates | were leaders within the Democratic Party that were automatically delegates to the national convention and could support any candidate of their choice. |
| Focus Groups | small groups of potential voters used to test political advertising/ slogans-gives a deeper view of public opinion than a poll. |
| "Hot Button Issues" | something people react very strongly to (Positively or negatively) |
| Propaganda Techniques | Techniques of Persuasion-try to maximize the effectiveness of campaign messages. |
| Plain Folks Appeal | trying to show you care deeply about problems of average Americans and/or trying appear to be an average American |
| Glittering Generalities | vague, meaningless phrases |
| Transfer | use of positive symbols/ visuals |
| Testimonial | celebrity endorsement |
| Spread Information | using opponent's position/statements against them |
| Misquoting | taking an opponent's statements out of context |
| Financial Disclosure | legally required reporting of sources and amounts of campaign funding. And reporting major spending. |
| Hard Money: | regulated/limited campaign contributions (those given to candidates and political parties directly) |
| Soft Money | less regulated and often unlimited campaign contributions |
| Political Action Committees (PACs | political fundraising part of an interest group-many politicians now have their own PACs as well-they use these to support other candidates-increases their political influence. |
| Independent Expenditure | spent by individuals and groups, not coordinated with a particular candidate’s campaign or political party. (Spending/Contributing Money) |
| Federal Elections Commission (FEC) | made up of 3 Democratic appointees and 3 Republican appointees-oversee campaign finance laws and all election laws. |
| Super PACS | a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money |
| Buckley v Valeo (1976) | Supreme Court case that first linked spending money for political purposes with the Freedom of Speech. Struck down limits on one type of Independent Expenditures (What a candidate could spend on their own campaign. |
| McConnell v FEC | Supreme Court upheld the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act-which maintained the limits on hard money contributions-and also added limits on Independent expenditure |
| CITIZENS UNITED V FEC | U.S. Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions have the same political speech rights as individuals under the First Amendment. |
| Horse-Race Journalism | Campaign Coverage focuses on polls-who is ahead and why. |
| "Gate-keeping" Function | TV News selects the stories they will cover. As result, the public thinks those issues are important. Agenda-setting. |
| “Watchdog" Function (aka Accountability press)- | The media, especially TV news, investigates the actions of government officials |
| *Equal Time Rule | if a station sells/gives airtime to one candidate for office, must sell/gives equal time to opposing candidates |
| Right to Reply rule | if a person is attacked on a broadcast (other than in a regular news program), that person has the right to reply over that same station |
| Political Editorializing Rule | if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply |
| *Fairness doctrine | required broadcasters to give air time to opposing views if they broadcast one side of a controversial issue. |
| Reasonable Access Rule: | broadcast stations must make their facilities available to be used by "responsible members" of the community |
| Interest Groups | Organized groups of people that have an identity (name), leadership, and rules. Members of these groups have a common public policy concern that brings them together. |
| Lobbying: | organized attempts to influence the legislative/executive branches of government (National, State and Local) (aka direct lobbying)-”Multiple Access Points” |
| Direct Lobbying | when interest groups-hire lobbyists to meet with elected officials and their staff- to influence public policy. (Lobbyists often help write legislation-providing important information) |
| Grassroots lobbying | organized attempts to influence public opinion, the opinions of constituents (esp. voters) in hopes they will influence their legislators/executive (elected officials). |
| Litigation Strategy | using the courts, especially the Supreme Court, rather than legislative/executive branches to change public policy |
| "Iron Triangle" | Movement of individuals working for Interest Groups-Congress-Executive Branch. |
| issue networks | it is the idea that when a public policy issue is starting to be addressed, all stake-holders start to participate in the process. |
| PARTY CENTERED CAMPAIGNS | (Idea that in the past-Party leaders/Party Establishment dominated the nomination process |
| CANDIDATE CENTERED CAMPAIGNS | The idea that today Party Leaders/Party Establishment have much less control over the nomination process. |
| ISSUE CENTERED | (Idea that campaigns in the past focused on the issue differences between candidates and political parties-key is these were substance based campaigns- |
| CANDIDATE CENTERED CAMPAIGNS | Idea that today campaigns tend to focus less on issues and substance) and more on other characteristics of the candidates. |
| Horse-Race Journalism | coverage of polls over substance |
| Earned Media | content controlled by candidates-Media Events |
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