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Anatomy Unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestion | the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb |
| mechanical digestion | breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones |
| chemical digestion | breaks down foods into simple chemicals (fat, protein, carbs) |
| peristalsis | wave - like motion in which food is pushed down by smooth muscles in one direction |
| Sphincter | a ring- like band of smooth muscle in which constricts or closes an opening |
| Alimentry canal | - makes up digestive system - one long line of organs (8 meters long) that extends from mouth to the anus in which food travels through |
| What does she alimentry canal travel through | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| Accessory Organs | Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| Accessory Organs function | - food does not go through these (not part of the alimentary canal) - organs either inject enzymes into the alimentary canal to help break down food - food leaves the alimentary canal to be broken down |
| Mouth | - first portion of alimentary canal - begins mechanical digestion with teeth grinding food (breaks into smaller pieces) - mixes with saliva - chemical digestion begins in mouth (only for carbs) |
| Mastication | the act or process of chewing |
| lips | judge the temperature and texture of food |
| Tongue | - thick muscular organ - mixes food particles with saliva during chewing papilae have taste buds which send the sense of taste to our brain - moves food to back of mouth |
| Teeth | - hardest structures in the body - breaks food down into smaller pieces, increasing surface area - mechanical digestion - this enables the digestive enzymes to interact more effectively with nutrient |
| Salivary Glands | Secrete Saliva - parotid gland - submandibular gland - Sublingual gland - Saliva moistens food particles helps bind them together, begins chemical digestion |
| Salivary Amylase | - Digestive enzyme that splits carbohydrates - chemical digestion begins in the mouth, but only for carbohydrates |
| Pharynx | - cavity posterior to the mouth, connects mouth to esophagus - doesn't digest food, only a passageway - tongue rolls mixture of saliva and chewed up food into a bolus and forces it down pharynx |
| Esophagus | - Straight tube (25cm long) - Doesn't digest food (passageway) - Penetrates through diaphragm - Peristalisis occurs - Joins stomach at lower esophageal sphincter - takes about 5-8 seconds to travel through |
| Stomach | - J-shaped pouch-like organ Rugae: thick folds in stomach Pyloric Sphincter: at end of stomach to regulate food entering small intestine |
| Gastric Secretions | Rugae have gastric glands which secrete juices 3 types of cells make gastric glands - mucous, parietal, chief - products of all 3 cell types form gastric juice which breaks down food |
| Mucous cells (stomach) | secretes mucus to lubricate food |
| Parietal cells (stomach) | Secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
| Chief cells (stomach) | secretes pepsinogen and lipase |
| pepsin (stomach) | - chief cells secrete it as pepsinogen at first (inactive form) - hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin - pepsin is a digestive enzyme to chemically digest protein |
| Lipase (stomach) | secreted by chief cells - breaks down fat |
| Intrinsic Factor (stomach) | Glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells - absorbs vitamin B12 |
| Mixing and emptying | - when blood enters stomach, mixing movements occur with the walls of the stomach - 2-4 hours for digestion depending on what type of food, hormones, sex, etc. |
| peristalsis during mixing and emptying | peristalsis occurs and pushes chyme to pyloric sphincter and onto the small intestine |
| Chyme | what we call the result of the broken down food and gastric juices combining |
| Small intestine | - tubular organ that extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal sphincter - mixes and does peristalsis - takes 3-10 hours for chyme to move all the way through the small intestine |
| Ileocecal sphincter | connects small intestine to large intestine |
| functions of small intestine | - absorbs the products of digestion into blood stream to take around the body - receives secretions from pancreases and liver - completes digestion of the nutrients which are in chyme - transports remaining "stuff" to the large intestine |
| Three portions of the small intestine | Duodenum - first part - where enzymes are released into Jejunum - middle part Ilium - Last part |
| Structures of small intestine | - has many circular folds called plicae circulares - what makes up these plicae circulares are many tiny projections called intestinal villi (little hairs) |
| Villi | - aid in absorption of digestive products - laterals are inside - carry the nutrients in blood, blood carries nutrients to all parts of the body |
| Lacteals | Capillaries in the Villa that carry away absorbed nutrients |
| Digestive enzymes in the small intestine | - small intestine houses and releases digestive enzymes to break down the different types of food - enzymes are secreted in the duodenum in response to mechanical stimulation and presence of chyme - peptidases - sucrase, maltase, lactase |
| Peptidases | split proteins into individual amino acids |
| Sucrase, maltase, and lactase | split disaccharides into monosaccharides |
| Pancreas | - secretes digestive juices into duodenum of small intestine - the digestive juices are called pancreatic juice |
| Pancreatic Juice | contain enzymes in which digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins |
| Pancreatic Amylase | breaks down carbohydrates |
| Pancreatic Lipase | breaks down fats |
| Trypsin (protease) | breaks down proteins |
| Liver | - makes bile (breaks down fat) - carbohydrate, fat, protein, metabolism - removes toxic substances - liver can regenerate itself - laboratory of body |
| Gallbladder | - a pear shaped sac located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver - stores bile - releases bile into the small intestine in response to fat being in small intestine |
| Bile | - Yellowish, green liquid - Helps break down fat - The process of Bile breaking down fats is called emulsification |
| Emulsification | the process of Bile breathing down fats |
| Hepatopancreatic sphincter | muscle guards its exit - connected to pancreases, liver, and gallbladder - all 3 secrete things into duodenum - sphincter regualates all things entering duodenum and amount of stuff entering |
| large intestine | - tubular organ that has a greater diameter than small intestine - moves "stuff" along with mixing and peristalsis - these "waves" of movement only happen 2-3 times a day but large movements - typically following a meal |
| Functions of large intestine | - absorption of water and electrolytes remaining from chyme - forms and excretes feces (poop) |
| Parts of large intestine | Cecum, - beginning Colon - divided into 4 portions - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending Colon - Sigmoid colon |
| Rectum | - ends at anus internal anal sphincter - involuntary control (smooth muscle) External anal sphincter - voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) |
| Vermiform appendix | - no known function in digestion - has lymphatic tissue |
| Feces | 'wastes" that were not absorbed or digested - consists of water, electrolytes, music, and bacteria. - smell comes from bacteria |
| Defecation | the discharge of feces from the return through the anus |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822