Question 1

Muscle  Fibers

Accepted Answer

the long, slender cells that make up
muscles.

Question 2

Fascia

Accepted Answer

band of connective tissue that
envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups

Question 3

myofascial

Accepted Answer

means
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

Question 4

tendon

Accepted Answer

a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous
connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

Question 5

patellar tendon

Accepted Answer

tendon attaches muscles
to the bottom of the patella (kneecap),

Question 6

Achilles tendon

Accepted Answer

tendon attaches the gastrocnemius muscle
(the major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone

Question 7

aponeurosis

Accepted Answer

sheet-like fibrous connective
tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects
muscles together or to a bone (plural, aponeuroses).

Question 8

Skeletal muscles

Accepted Answer

are attached to the bones of
the skeleton and make body motions possible

Question 9

voluntary muscles

Accepted Answer

because we have conscious (voluntary) control over
these muscles.

Question 10

Striated

Accepted Answer

muscle fibers create a striped appearance.
Striated means striped.

Question 11

Smooth muscles

Accepted Answer

Their function
is to move and control the flow of fluids through these
structures.

Question 12

involuntary
muscles

Accepted Answer

under the control of the
autonomic nervous system and are not under voluntary
control.

Question 13

unstriated
muscles.

Accepted Answer

This is because they do not have the dark
and light bands that produce the striped appearance
seen in striated muscles.

Question 14

visceral muscles

Accepted Answer

they are found in hollow structures such as those

of the digestive and urinary systems.

Question 15

Myocardial muscles

Accepted Answer

(my-oh-KAR-dee-al), also known
as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular
walls of the heart

Question 16

Muscle innervation

Accepted Answer

is the stimulation
of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.

Question 17

Neuromuscular

Accepted Answer

means
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

Question 18

antagonistic

Accepted Answer

to working in opposition to
each other.

Question 19

Contraction

Accepted Answer

tightening of a muscle.

Question 20

Relaxation

Accepted Answer

occurs when a muscle returns to its origi-
nal form.

Question 21

Abduction

Accepted Answer

(ah-DUCK-shun) is the
movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of
the body (ad- means toward, duct means to lead, and
-ion means action).

Question 22

adductor

Accepted Answer

moves a body part toward the midline

Question 23

Flexion

Accepted Answer

means decreasing the angle be-
tween two bones by bending a limb at a joint

Question 24

flexor muscle

Accepted Answer

bends a limb at a joint.

Question 25

extension

Accepted Answer

means increasing the angle
between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

Question 26

extensor muscle

Accepted Answer

straightens a limb
at a joint

Question 27

Hyperextension

Accepted Answer

the extreme or overextension of a
limb or body part beyond its normal limit.

Question 28

Elevation is

Accepted Answer

of raising or lifting a body part.

Question 29

the levator anguli oris

Accepted Answer

muscles of

the face raises the corners of the mouth into a smile.

Question 30

levator

Accepted Answer

a muscle that raises a body part.

Question 31

depression

Accepted Answer

the act of lowering a body
part.

Question 32

depressor anguli oris,

Accepted Answer

corner of the mouth into a frown.

Question 33

depressor

Accepted Answer

muscle
lowers a body part.

Question 34

Rotation

Accepted Answer

circular movement around an axis such as
the shoulder joint.

Question 35

circumduction

Accepted Answer

circular movement at the far end of a limb.

Question 36

rotator muscle

Accepted Answer

a body part on its axis.

Question 37

the humerus

Accepted Answer

which

is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoul-
der joint.

Question 38

rotator cuff

Accepted Answer

group of muscles and their
tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in
place as it rotates within the shoulder joint

Question 39

Supination

Accepted Answer

the act of rotating
the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of

the foot is turned forward or upward.

Question 40

pronation

Accepted Answer

(proh-NAY-shun) is the act of
rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole
of the foot is turned downward or backward (Figure

Question 41

Dorsiflexion

Accepted Answer

is the movement
that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

Question 42

plantar flexion

Accepted Answer

is the movement that bends the foot downward at

the ankle.

Question 43

Plantar

Accepted Answer

means pertaining to the sole of the
foot.

Question 44

origin

Accepted Answer

where the muscle begins,

Question 45

insertion

Accepted Answer

where the muscle ends by attaching

to a bone or tendon.

Question 46

sternocleidomastoid muscle,

Accepted Answer

helps
bend the neck and rotate the head

Question 47

The mastoid muscle

Accepted Answer

muscle inserts at
one point of insertion into the mastoid process. (This
is part of the temporal bone that is located just behind
the ear.)

Question 48

flexor carpi muscles and the extensor
carpi muscles

Accepted Answer

pair of muscles that make flexion
(bending) and extension (straightening) of the wrist
possible (Figure 4.9). Carpi means wrist or wrist bones.

Question 49

pectoralis major

Accepted Answer

thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the

anterior chest wall

Question 50

Lateralis

Accepted Answer

means toward the side.

Question 51

vastus lateralis

Accepted Answer

a large muscle to-
ward the outer side of the leg.

Question 52

Medialis

Accepted Answer

means toward the midline.

Question 53

vastus medialis

Accepted Answer

medialis is a muscle toward the midline of
the leg.

Question 54

Oblique

Accepted Answer

(oh-BLEEK) means slanted or at an
angle.

Question 55

sphincter

Accepted Answer

is a ring-like muscle that
tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.

Question 56

Transverse

Accepted Answer

means in a crosswise
direction.

Question 57

The biceps brachii (BYE-seps BRAY-kee-eye), also
known as the biceps, is

Accepted Answer

biceps, is formed from two divisions
(bi- means two, and -ceps means head).

Question 58

triceps brachii (TRY-seps BRAY-kee-eye), also
known as the triceps,

Accepted Answer

formed from three divisions
(tri- means three, and -ceps means head).

Question 59

gluteus maximus

Accepted Answer

largest muscle of the buttock

Question 60

the deltoid muscle

Accepted Answer

located on the shoulder, is shaped like an
inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter delta.

Question 61

hamstring group,

Accepted Answer

located at the back of the upper
leg, consists of three separate muscles: the biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles.

Question 62

The frontalisor occipitofrontalis,

Accepted Answer

muscle
is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows.

Question 63

The temporalis

Accepted Answer

muscle moves the
lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.

Question 64

masseter

Accepted Answer

(mah-SEE-ter) muscle, which is one of
the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to
close the mouth when chewing.

Question	Answer
Muscle Fibers	the long, slender cells that make up muscles.
Fascia	band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups
myofascial	means pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
tendon	a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
patellar tendon	tendon attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella (kneecap),
Achilles tendon	tendon attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone
aponeurosis	sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone (plural, aponeuroses).
Skeletal muscles	are attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
voluntary muscles	because we have conscious (voluntary) control over these muscles.
Striated	muscle fibers create a striped appearance. Striated means striped.
Smooth muscles	Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures.
involuntary muscles	under the control of the autonomic nervous system and are not under voluntary control.
unstriated muscles.	This is because they do not have the dark and light bands that produce the striped appearance seen in striated muscles.
visceral muscles	they are found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems.
Myocardial muscles	(my-oh-KAR-dee-al), also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart
Muscle innervation	is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
Neuromuscular	means pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
antagonistic	to working in opposition to each other.
Contraction	tightening of a muscle.
Relaxation	occurs when a muscle returns to its origi- nal form.
Abduction	(ah-DUCK-shun) is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body (ad- means toward, duct means to lead, and -ion means action).
adductor	moves a body part toward the midline
Flexion	means decreasing the angle be- tween two bones by bending a limb at a joint
flexor muscle	bends a limb at a joint.
extension	means increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
extensor muscle	straightens a limb at a joint
Hyperextension	the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
Elevation is	of raising or lifting a body part.
the levator anguli oris	muscles of the face raises the corners of the mouth into a smile.
levator	a muscle that raises a body part.
depression	the act of lowering a body part.
depressor anguli oris,	corner of the mouth into a frown.
depressor	muscle lowers a body part.
Rotation	circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint.
circumduction	circular movement at the far end of a limb.
rotator muscle	a body part on its axis.
the humerus	which is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoul- der joint.
rotator cuff	group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
Supination	the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.
pronation	(proh-NAY-shun) is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward (Figure
Dorsiflexion	is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.
plantar flexion	is the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Plantar	means pertaining to the sole of the foot.
origin	where the muscle begins,
insertion	where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.
sternocleidomastoid muscle,	helps bend the neck and rotate the head
The mastoid muscle	muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process. (This is part of the temporal bone that is located just behind the ear.)
flexor carpi muscles and the extensor carpi muscles	pair of muscles that make flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) of the wrist possible (Figure 4.9). Carpi means wrist or wrist bones.
pectoralis major	thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
Lateralis	means toward the side.
vastus lateralis	a large muscle to- ward the outer side of the leg.
Medialis	means toward the midline.
vastus medialis	medialis is a muscle toward the midline of the leg.
Oblique	(oh-BLEEK) means slanted or at an angle.
sphincter	is a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
Transverse	means in a crosswise direction.
The biceps brachii (BYE-seps BRAY-kee-eye), also known as the biceps, is	biceps, is formed from two divisions (bi- means two, and -ceps means head).
triceps brachii (TRY-seps BRAY-kee-eye), also known as the triceps,	formed from three divisions (tri- means three, and -ceps means head).
gluteus maximus	largest muscle of the buttock
the deltoid muscle	located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter delta.
hamstring group,	located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles.
The frontalisor occipitofrontalis,	muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows.
The temporalis	muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.
masseter	(mah-SEE-ter) muscle, which is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing.
the pectoralis major	up the bulk of the chest muscles.
external oblique and internal oblique muscles are found in the abdomen.	The external oblique muscles flex and rotate the vertebral column. They also flex the torso and compress the abdomen. The internal oblique muscles flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine.
The rectus abdominis	helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine.
transverse abdominis	abdominis is located on the side of the abdomen. This core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs.
rectus femoris	extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint.
The quadriceps femoris is	up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee.
The gastrocnemius	calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward.
exercise physiologist	specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer
neurologist	is a physician who spealizes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in
An occupational therapist	helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education,
physiatrist	is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.
physical therapist	provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.
A sports medicine physician	specializes in the prevention and treatment of injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes and other active
■■ Fasciitis	(fash-ee-EYE-tis) is inflammation of a fascia (fasci means fascia, and -itis means inflammation).
Fibromyalgia	(figh-broh-my-AL-jee-ah) is a de- bilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue;
Debilitating means a condition causing weakness.
Tenosynovitis	is an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
Tendinitis	(ten-dih-NIGH-tis), sometimes spelled tendonitis, is an acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use
Tendinosis	is a chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or an injury that has not healed
Chronic fatigue syndrome	a disorder of un- known cause that affects many body systems.
adhesion	is a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
Atrophy	means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.
Cachexla	wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS (see
A hernia	occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing
An inguinal hernia	is the most common type (the term inguinal means in the groin).
Myalgia	is tenderness or pain in the muscles
Polymyositis	(PM) is a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous
Rhabdomyolysis	(rab-doh-my-AHL-eh-sis) is a seri- ous syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
Sarcopenia	is the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging (sarc/o
Muscle tone	balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture,
Atonic (ah-TON-ick)	lacking normal muscle tone or strength (a- means without, ton means tone, and -ic means pertaining to).
Dystonia	(dis-TOH-nee-ah) is a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repeti- tive contraction of certain muscles (dys-
Hypotonia	(high-poh-TOH-nee-ah) is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
Ataxia	(ah-TACK-see-ah) is the lack of muscle coordi- nation during voluntary movement (a- means
contracture	the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin
Intermittent claudication	is pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exer- cise and is relieved by rest. Intermittent
spasm	sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. A tic is a repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face.
■■ Myoclonus	the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

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