Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kidneys filter blood to make what? | Urine |
| What wastes do the kidneys remove? | Urea, uric acid, creatinine |
| What balances do the kidneys regulate? | Water, electrolytes, acid-base, and blood pressure |
| Which hormone from kidneys raises blood pressure? | Renin |
| Which hormone from kidneys increases RBC production? | Erythropoietin |
| Which vitamin do kidneys activate? | Vitamin D |
| Main organs of the urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| Pathway of filtrate through nephron? | Bowman’s capsule → PCT → Loop → DCT → Collecting duct |
| Two types of nephrons? | Cortical and juxtamedullary |
| Which nephrons produce concentrated urine? | Juxtamedullary nephrons |
| What are the three steps of urine formation? | Filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| Normal GFR value? | About 125 mL/min |
| Effect of afferent arteriole dilation on GFR? | Increases GFR |
| Effect of afferent arteriole constriction on GFR? | Decreases GFR |
| What is autoregulation of GFR? | Maintaining constant GFR despite BP changes |
| What are the two autoregulatory mechanisms? | Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback |
| Which hormone retains sodium and water? | Aldosterone |
| Which hormone retains water only? | ADH |
| Which hormone increases urine output? | ANP |
| What creates the medullary salt gradient? | Countercurrent multiplier in the nephron loop |
| What maintains the salt gradient? | Countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta |
| Normal urine pH? | Around 6 |
| Normal urine should NOT contain? | Protein, glucose, blood cells |
| Muscle that contracts the bladder? | Detrusor muscle |
| Internal urethral sphincter control? | Involuntary (smooth muscle) |
| External urethral sphincter control? | Voluntary (skeletal muscle) |
| Female urethra length vs male? | Female shorter → higher UTI risk |
| What triggers micturition reflex? | Bladder stretch receptors |
| Main fluid compartments? | Intracellular and extracellular |
| Most abundant intracellular cation? | Potassium (K⁺) |
| Most abundant extracellular cation? | Sodium (Na⁺) |
| Fluid inside cells? | Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| Fluid outside cells? | Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| Two parts of ECF? | Interstitial fluid and plasma |
| What is hydrostatic pressure? | Force pushing water out of a compartment |
| What is osmotic pressure? | Force pulling water into a compartment |
| What is tonicity? | Relative solute concentration affecting water movement |
| What is obligatory water loss? | Minimal urine/fecal loss required daily |
| What is insensible water loss? | Evaporation from skin and breathing |
| What detects high plasma osmolarity? | Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus |
| What hormone conserves water in dehydration? | ADH |
| Dehydration causes what electrolyte change? | Increased Na⁺ concentration |
| Overhydration causes what problem? | Low Na⁺ (hyponatremia) and cell swelling |
| Main function of sodium ion? | Maintains fluid balance and nerve function |
| Main function of potassium ion? | Resting membrane potential and muscle function |
| Main function of calcium ion? | Muscle contraction, nerve signaling, clotting |
| Main function of phosphate ion? | Bone structure, ATP, DNA/RNA |
| Main function of bicarbonate ion? | Buffer to maintain pH |
| Main function of chloride ion? | Works with Na⁺ for osmotic balance, stomach acid |
| Hypernatremia cause? | Dehydration |
| Hyponatremia cause? | Overhydration or excess ADH |
| Hyperkalemia effect? | Cardiac arrhythmias, weakness |
| Hypokalemia effect? | Muscle cramps, irregular heart rhythm |
| Hypercalcemia effect? | Decreased excitability, kidney stones |
| Hypocalcemia effect? | Tetany, muscle spasms |
| Relationship between calcium and phosphate? | Inversely regulated |
| Normal blood pH range? | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| Volatile acid example? | Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) |
| Fixed acid examples? | Lactic acid, ketone bodies |
| Most important ECF buffer system? | Carbonic acid–bicarbonate system |
| Main ICF and kidney buffer system? | Phosphate buffer system |
| Most abundant buffer overall? | Protein buffer system (e.g., hemoglobin) |
| Effect of hypoventilation on pH? | CO₂ ↑ → pH ↓ (acidosis) |
| Effect of hyperventilation on pH? | CO₂ ↓ → pH ↑ (alkalosis) |
| How do kidneys raise pH? | Secrete H⁺ and reabsorb HCO₃⁻ |
| Respiratory compensation fixes what type of imbalance? | Metabolic pH problems |
| Renal compensation fixes what type of imbalance? | Respiratory pH problems |
| Respiratory acidosis cause? | Hypoventilation → CO₂ retention |
| Respiratory alkalosis cause? | Hyperventilation → CO₂ loss |
| Metabolic acidosis cause? | Low HCO₃⁻ from DKA, diarrhea, renal failure |
| Metabolic alkalosis cause? | High HCO₃⁻ from vomiting or antacids |
| Compensation for metabolic acidosis? | Hyperventilation (Kussmaul breathing) |
| Compensation for metabolic alkalosis? | Hypoventilation |
| Compensation for respiratory acidosis? | Kidneys ↑ HCO₃⁻ retention |
| Compensation for respiratory alkalosis? | Kidneys ↓ HCO₃⁻ reabsorption |
Created by:
user-1996379