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slow vs fast twitch
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Low Myosin ATPase activity | Slow twitch |
| High Myosin ATPase activity | Fast twitch |
| Types of slow twitch fibers | Type 1 |
| Types of fast twitch fibers | Type 2 2A (fast oxidative) and 2B (fast glycotic) |
| Slow Twitch Type 1 MYOGLOBIN Level | High |
| Fast Twitch Type 2A MYOGLOBIN Level | High |
| Fast Twitch Type 2B MYOGLOBIN Level | Low |
| Slow Twitch Type 1 GLYCOGEN Level | Low |
| Fast Twitch Type 2A GLYCOGEN Level | Low |
| Fast Twitch Type 2B GLYCOGEN Level | High |
| The neurotransmitter ACH binds to ______ | Sarcolemma (the membrane) |
| What directly opens ligand gated ion channels at motor end plate | Binding of ACH |
| What is a motor end plate? | It's the muscle's half of the neuromuscular junction!! receiving signals from the neuron's axon terminal across a small gap called the synaptic cleft |
| What is responsible for triggering Ach vesicle fusion in motor neuron terminal? | Ca+ |
| Which events occur before calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | - ACh binds to its receptor -Action potential travels down T-tubules -Local depolarization at motor end plate |
| What structure physically links the T-tubule to the sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium release? | DHP (voltage-sensing) receptor |
| After ACh binds its receptors, the initial depolarization on the muscle fiber is called the | End-plate potential |
| Calcium released from the SR binds to which part of the troponin complex? | Troponin C! |
| What causes the myosin head to “cock back” into its high-energy position? | ATP hydrolysis |
| What prevents constant, uncontrolled muscle stimulation? | Acetylcholinesterase degrading ACh |
| Concentric Contraction | SHORT |
| Eccentric Contraction | LONG |
| What does the opening of Ach receptor channels cause? | Rapid Na+ influx |
| What requires ATP? | 1. Pumping Ca+ back into SR 2. Myosin detachment 3. Ca+ reuptake into SR (same as 1.) |
| What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission? | Axon terminal (the buttons) |
| What neurotransmitter is inhibitory? | GABA |
| The autonomic nervous system includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. Sympathetic division B. Parasympathetic division C. Somatic motor division D. Control of smooth muscle | D |
| Which processes REMOVE neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft? | 1. Enzymatic breakdown 2. Reuptake transporter 3. Simple diffusion |
| A graded potential differs from an action potential because it: | 1. Varies in size 2. Can summate with others |
| What is a graded potential? | a small, temporary change in a cell's membrane potential that varies in size depending on the stimulus strength |
| Where are terminal Ganglia's located? | Close/inside target organs |
| What gland releases ACTH in HPA axis? | Pituitary Gland |
| Where does cortisol bind to? | The cytoplasm! Because it is a steroid, so it is nonpolar and slips right through the phospholipid membrane |
| Where is Noro an epinephrine produced from? | Adrenal Medulla |
| Nicotine’s action on NAchRs in autonomic ganglia would produce: | Activation of both ANS divisions (Para and Symph) |
| What 2 drugs enhance cholinergic signaling? | 1. Pilocarpine 2. Nicotinic |
| What cells detect info that regulates circadium clock? | Retinal Ganglions (duh, because retinal is your eyeball) |
| What hormone is highest during 1st half of sleep? | Growth hormone (duh, you need to grow) |
| You can treat sleep apnea by | Sleeping on side! |
| What is a part of REM sleep that increases? | Increased Limbic Activity |
| Chemical vs Electrical Synapse | Chem: - Used neurotransmitters - Slower - One way signal - Modifiable Elec: - Uses direct ion flow - Faster - Bidirectional - Less flexible |
| ISPS (Inhibiting!) | will hyperpolarize the neuron making it less likely to generate an AP |
| ESPS (Exciting!) | will depolarize the neuron making ti more like to generate an AP |
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling | the process that links an electrical signal (excitation) to a mechanical response (contraction) in a muscle fiber |
| How does Excitation-Contraction Coupling work? | This occurs when an action potential triggers the release of calcium ions Ca+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which then binds to troponin, initiating the sliding of the actin and myosin filaments to cause muscle contraction. |
| Metabotropic receptor | slower, indirect messengers that, when a ligand binds, activate G-proteins and second messengers to cause a wider range of effects, which can open or close ion channels |
| Metabotropic receptor Examples | 1. Muscarinic 2. Dopamine 3. Adregernic |
| Ionotropic receptor | 1. Nicotinic |
| Ionotropic receptor Examples | Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that cause rapid, direct responses by opening immediately to let ions flow through. |
| Reactive Homeostasis | (RESTORATIVE) - 1st half of sleep - Dominated by slow wave growth - Growth hormone secretion - Cellular repair and growth mechanisms are activated |
| Predictive Homeostasis | (FUTURE) - 2nd half of sleep - Dominated by REM sleep - Primes mind and body for the next day VIA neuronal and hormonal activation |
| What blocks actin's active site at rest? | Tropomyosin |
| What is released during contraction, and where from? | Ca; SR |
| Why does the cardiac muscle contract? | Pacemakers |
| What must happen for a muscle AP to occur? | End plate potential must be reached |
| How to make sure Ca+ isnt stuck to troponin+ tropomyosin? | The SR pumps it back into itself! |
| What two things are not involved in CB cycle? | Troponin + Tropomyosion (Duh, they are the inhibitors anyways) |
| What happens to the H-zone during contraction? | It disappears/ becomes more narrow |
| What caused Ach to be released into the NMJ? | CA+ |
| Fast twitch fibers rely on what? | Anaerobic glycolysis |
| A motor pool is? | All neurons that innervate a SINGLE muscle |
| What shortens during contraction? | Sarcomeres |
| Where is ACH stored? | At the NMJ, in the synaptic vesicles |
| What initiates neurotransmitter release from motor neuron terminal? | CA+ |
| When Ach binds to receptors.... | Na+ enters, causing depolarization |
| What stops muscle contraction? | Breakdown of Ach VIA acetylcholinerstase |
| Isometric | Muscle DOES contract, not shorten |
| Fast twitch type 2B muscles have | fewer mitochondria so it fatigues easily |
| K plus channels close _____ | Slowly -> Hyperpolarization |
| What does not produce APs, but does produce cerebrospinal fluid? | Glial cells! |
| 3 processes that increase neurotransmitter concentation | 1. acetylcholinerstase inhibitors 2. SSRIs 3. Blocking reuptake transporters |
| Bradykinesia is associated with | Parkinsons Disease (PD) |
| What else can Sympathetic Chain Ganglia be called? | Paravertebrael Ganglia |
| HPA is associated with what part of the brain? | Hypothalamus |
| T/F Sudden spikes in BP are not a symptom of NSY | TRUE |
| What is found on the effector organ | MaChR |
| Sympathetic NS spinal levels | T1-L2 |
| 3 Cholinergic Compounds | 1. Acetylcholine 2. Pilocarpine 3. Muscarinic |
| When is growth hormone secretion highest? | NREM3/4 |
| Activation-synthesis theory describes dreams as: | Random neural activity interpreted by the brain |
| What system is the largest and most complex unit of the PNS? | The enteric system |
| When a muscle contracts, the actin filaments move: | Toward the M line |
| The power stroke is powered by: | ATP hydrolysis prior to binding |
| A neuron becomes more negative on the inside during: | Hyperpolarization |
| Voltage-gated potassium channels contribute MOST to: | Repolarization |
| Which of the following is unique to the absolute refractory period? | No stimulus can generate an AP |
| Terminal ganglia are a feature of which division? | Parasympathetic |
| Slow-wave sleep is most likely to dominate in which part of the night? | Early night |
| Which comorbidity is strongly linked with sleep apnea? | Obesity |
| Which neurotransmitter is most responsible for inhibiting wakefulness in the VLPO? | GABA |
| The A band contains: | Thick and thin filaments |
Created by:
liladdoyle