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Stack #4572217
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Role of tropomyosin | Tropomyosin blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin when the muscle is relaxed. It moves away when calcium binds to troponin. |
| 2. What myoglobin does | Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells and releases it when needed for ATP production. |
| 3. Where calcium is stored | Calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. |
| 4. What creatine phosphate does | Creatine phosphate rapidly donates a phosphate to ADP to regenerate ATP for quick energy. |
| 5. Primary function of wave summation | Wave summation increases the force of contraction by adding twitches together before the muscle fully relaxes. |
| 6. Where myosin cross-bridges attach | They attach to the active sites on actin filaments. |
| 7. Connective tissue around an individual muscle cell | The endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber. |
| 8. Functional unit of the muscle cell | The functional unit is the sarcomere. |
| 9. What happens in an isotonic contraction | Tension stays relatively constant while the muscle length changes. |
| 10. Correct sequence of contraction events | Motor neuron AP → ACh release → muscle membrane depolarization → muscle AP → SR releases Ca²⁺ → Ca²⁺ allows cross-bridge formation → myosin power stroke using ATP → filaments slide. |
| 11. Four properties of muscle tissue | Excitability |
| 12. Structures/shapes of muscle types | Skeletal: long |
| Cardiac: branched | striated |
| Smooth: spindle-shaped | non-striated |
| 13. Sliding filament model | Myosin pulls actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere |
| 14. Why skeletal muscles store glycogen | They store glycogen as an energy reserve for ATP production during activity. |
| 15. Differences between muscle types | Skeletal is voluntary and striated; cardiac is involuntary |
| 16. What doesn’t change during isometric contraction | The length stays the same; tension increases. |
| 17. Connective tissue around a whole muscle | The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle. |
| 18. Where synaptic vesicles with ACh are found | They are in the axon terminal of the motor neuron. |
| 19. Sequence of AP movement | Motor neuron → neuromuscular junction → sarcolemma → T-tubules → sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| 20. Structures where calcium is released from | Calcium is released from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| 21. Motor protein in all muscle types | The motor protein is myosin. |
| 22. What molecule myosin gets energy from | Myosin uses ATP. |
| 23. Chemicals needed for contraction to continue | ATP and calcium ions (Ca²⁺) must be present. |
| 24. Fluid-filled space ACh crosses | ACh crosses the synaptic cleft. |
| 25. Name of a brief contraction from a single AP | A muscle twitch. |
| 26. Relationship of motor unit size to fine control | Fewer muscle cells per motor neuron = finer control. |
| 27. What happens during an eccentric isotonic contraction | The muscle lengthens while maintaining tension. |
| 28. Increasing number of active motor units | This is called recruitment. |
| 29. Muscle type with autorhythmic fibers | Cardiac muscle. |
| 30. Why extra oxygen is needed after exercise | To restore ATP |
| 31. Two proteins forming cross-bridges | Myosin and actin. |
| 32. Which protein has ATPase activity | Myosin has ATPase activity. |
| 33. What happens to biceps after long-term strength training | They undergo hypertrophy—an increase in muscle fiber size. |
| 34. Unique mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction | Smooth muscle uses calmodulin (not troponin) |
| 1. What dendrites do | Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. They carry these signals toward the cell body. |
| 2. Neuron that conducts information away from the CNS | Motor (efferent) neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands. |
| 3. Neuron that conducts information to the CNS | Sensory (afferent) neurons bring information from receptors to the CNS. |
| 4. What a depolarizing graded potential does | It makes the membrane potential less negative and moves it closer to threshold. |
| 5. What happens when the membrane reaches threshold | Voltage-gated sodium channels open |
| 6. Saltatory conduction | It is the jumping of action potentials from node to node along a myelinated axon |
| 7. What an excitatory neurotransmitter does | It depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane |
| 8. What IPSP stands for | Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. |
| 9. How a postsynaptic neuron can respond | It may reach threshold and fire an action potential |
| 10. Channel that randomly opens and closes | Leak channels open and close randomly and are found throughout the neuron. |
| 11. Channel that opens in response to chemicals | Ligand-gated channels open when a neurotransmitter or chemical binds. |
| 12. Channel that opens due to touch/pressure | Mechanically-gated channels respond to mechanical stimulation. |
| 13. Channel that opens due to voltage changes | Voltage-gated channels open when the membrane potential changes. |
| 14. What flows across the membrane during an action potential | Ions—mainly Na⁺ entering and K⁺ exiting—travel across the membrane |
| 15. Summing of EPSPs and IPSPs | This is called summation (either temporal or spatial summation). |
| 16. Order of connective tissue coverings of nerves | |
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