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Stack #4571983
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Meiosis (my-OH-sis) | A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell, used in sexual reproduction |
| Homologous chromosomes (hoh-MOL-uh-gus) | Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci but may have different alleles, with one inherited from each parent |
| Diploid (DIP-loyd) | A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent |
| Haploid (HAP-loyd) | A cell containing only one complete set of chromosomes (n), such as gametes |
| Synapsis (sih-NAP-sis) | The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| Tetrad (TEH-trad) | A pair of homologous chromosomes (four chromatids total) that come together during synapsis in prophase I |
| Crossing over | The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I, resulting in genetic recombination |
| Chiasma (ky-AZ-muh) | The physical point of attachment where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes (plural: chiasmata) |
| Independent assortment | The random distribution of homologous chromosome pairs to daughter cells during meiosis I, increasing genetic variation |
| Gamete | A haploid reproductive cell (sperm or egg) produced through meiosis |
| Spermatogenesis (spur-mat-oh-JEN-uh-sis) | The process of meiosis in males that produces four functional sperm cells |
| Oogenesis (oh-oh-JEN-uh-sis) | The process of meiosis in females that produces one functional egg cell and polar bodies |
| Polar body | A small haploid cell produced during oogenesis that receives little cytoplasm and eventually degenerates |
| Nondisjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis, resulting in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers |
| Aneuploidy (AN-yoo-ploy-dee) | A condition in which an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes, often resulting from nondisjunction |
| Recombination | The production of offspring with combinations of traits different from either parent through crossing over and independent assortment |
| Sister chromatids | Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, formed during DNA replication |
| Reductional division | Meiosis I, where homologous chromosomes separate and chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid |
| Genetic variation | Differences in DNA sequences among individuals, enhanced during meiosis through crossing over and independent assortment |
| Somatic cell (soh-MAT-ik) | Any body cell that is not a reproductive cell, containing the diploid number of chromosomes |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule and determines a hereditary trait |
| Locus (LOH-kus) | The specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome (plural: loci) |
| Asexual reproduction | A mode of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring without meiosis or fertilization |
| Sexual reproduction | A mode of reproduction involving two parents that combines genetic material from two gametes to produce genetically diverse offspring |
| Fertilization | The fusion of two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) to form a diploid zygote |
| Zygote | A diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes during fertilization |
| Autosomes | Non-sex chromosomes that are the same in males and females (humans have 22 pairs of autosomes) |
| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an organism (X and Y chromosomes in humans) |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
etucci