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Ch 16 and 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Industrialization | The transformation of an economy from agricultural to manufacturing-based through technological, social, and economic changes centered around large-scale industry and factory systems. |
| Calicoes | Brightly printed cotton fabrics originally produced in India and widely used in Europe during the early Industrial Revolution. |
| Flying shuttle | A device invented by John Kay in 1733 that greatly increased the speed and efficiency of weaving in textile production. |
| Mule | The mule, or spinning mule, invented by Samuel Crompton, combined aspects of the spinning jenny and water frame to enable the effective spinning of cotton and other fibers into fine threads. |
| Power loom | The power loom, invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, mechanized weaving and dramatically boosted textile manufacturing productivity. |
| James Watt | A Scottish inventor whose improvements to the steam engine in the late 18th century enabled the widespread use of efficient power sources for industry. |
| George Stephenson | An English engineer who developed the first successful steam-powered locomotive and contributed to the expansion of railway travel. |
| Factory system | The factory system centralized production and labor by bringing workers and machines under one roof, increasing efficiency and enabling large-scale manufacturing. |
| Luddites | English workers who protested against industrialization by destroying textile machines from 1811 to 1816, believing that mechanization threatened their jobs. |
| Second Industrial Revolution | The Second Industrial Revolution, occurring in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was marked by innovations such as steel production, electricity, and chemical industries that further transformed economies and societies. |
| Eli Whitney | An American inventor best known for creating the cotton gin and pioneering mass production with interchangeable parts. |
| Henry Ford | An American industrialist who revolutionized automobile manufacturing by introducing assembly line production that greatly lowered costs and increased accessibility. |
| Corporations | Legally recognized business entities that can own property, enter contracts, and issue shares, allowing for the accumulation of significant capital and resources. |
| Trusts | Large business combinations or groupings designed to control markets by consolidating competing companies under one management, often minimizing competition. |
| Cartels | Associations of independent businesses or organizations formed to regulate production, pricing, and marketing with the aim of controlling a particular market sector. |
| Demographic transition | A model describing the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as societies industrialize and develop. |
| Middle class | Consists of people in a society who fall between the working class and upper class, often characterized by moderate income, education, and professional employment. |
| Working class | Composed of individuals who sell their labor, usually in industrial or manual jobs, and generally have lower incomes and less economic security than higher social classes. |
| Child labor | The employment of children in work that deprives them of childhood, education, or is harmful to their health or development. |
| Socialism | An economic and political system advocating collective or governmental ownership of the means of production, with a focus on equitable distribution of wealth and resources. |
| Utopian socialists | Early advocates for ideal communities and cooperative societies aimed at remedying social inequalities without violent revolution. |
| Karl Marx | A German philosopher and revolutionary whose theories about class struggle and capitalism laid the foundation for modern socialism and communism. |
| Friedrich Engels | A German philosopher and collaborator with Karl Marx in developing communist theory and co-authoring influential works. |
| Communist Manifesto | A political pamphlet written by Marx and Engels in 1848 that calls for the working class to unite and overthrow capitalist societies. |
| Trade unions | Organizations formed by workers to collectively bargain for better wages, working conditions, and rights within industries. |
| Count Camillo di Cavour | An Italian statesman and prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who was instrumental in unifying Italy through diplomacy and alliances. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | An Italian nationalist leader and general whose volunteer Redshirts played a key role in unifying southern Italy. |
| Unification of Germany | The 19th-century process led largely by Prussia that brought together various independent German states into the German Empire in 1871. |
| Otto von Bismarck | The Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany using Realpolitik and a series of wars. |
| Realpolitik | A pragmatic and strategic approach to politics focused on practical goals and power rather than ideological principles or ethics. |
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