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pharmacology 7

TermDefinition
• Delusions of thought • Visual and/or auditory hallucinations • Speech disturbances Schizophrenia
delusions of persecution, “someone is out to get me” Paranoid schizophrenia
absence of normal functions, like emotional blunting, lack of motivation (avolition), and social withdrawal/ no visible sign of emotion and monotonous speech Negative symptoms
hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking Positive Symptoms
associated with excess dopamine levels Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia
Have a strong affinity for dopamine receptors High-potency neuroleptics
Have a weaker affinity for dopamine receptors and produce fewer side effects associated with blockade “Atypical” and low-potency neuroleptics
Mechanism of Action of “Traditional” Neuroleptics Block dopamine at postsynaptic receptors in the brain
“Traditional” or typical neuroleptics Phenothiazines (all end in "azine") • Chlorpromazine • Fluphenazine • Methotrimeprazine (Nozinan®) • Perphenazine • Butyrophenones • haloperidol (Haldol®) • Thioxanthines • Zuclopenthixol (Clopixol®
The prototype for low-potency neuroleptics chlorpromazine
The prototype for medium-potency neuroleptics fluphenazine
The prototype for high-potency neuroleptics haloperidol
alpha-adrenergic blockade from neuroleptic drugs cause Hypotension
available as slow-release depot formulations for intramuscular injection. Fluphenazine deconoate and haloperiodol deconoate
Adverse Reactions of Traditional Neuroleptics Sedation and confusion inability to regulate body temperature • Weight gain and Increased appetite • Increased release of some endocrine hormones • Blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention • Postural hypotension • Extrapyramidal effects
Tardive dyskinesia involuntary movement of mouth & tongue Adverse Reaction of TraditionalNeuroleptics
NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome) muscle rigidity, increased body temperature, changes in consciousness, renal failure Adverse Reaction of TraditionalNeuroleptics
Traditional Neuroleptics Warning Labels May cause drowsiness; may impair ability to drive; avoid alcohol • Maintain adequate hydration • Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight • Do not discontinue without medical supervision • May discolor urine (pink-reddish brown)
Other Use's of neuroleptic drugs Methotrimeprazine and other phenothiazines & haloperidol • To control symptoms: • Nausea & vomiting • Agitation • Delirium For sedation: • Methotrimeprazine • haloperidol
All types of neuroleptics other than phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and thioxanthines are categorized as: atypical neuroleptics
atypical neuroleptics • Aripiprazole (Abilify®) • Lurasidone (Latuda®) • Olanzapine (Zyprexa®) • Quetiapine (Seroquel®) • Risperidone (Risperdal®)
can cause agranulocyotosis, requires regular blood tests Clozapine (Clozaril®) - atypical
agranulocyotosis dangerously low number of white blood cells
Mechanism of Action of Atypical Neuroleptics show strong affinity for serotonin receptor in addition to dopaminergic receptor blockade.
used in the treatment and management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder Quetiapine (Seroquel®)
Adverse Reactions of Atypical Neuroleptics Sedation • Headache • Dizziness • Nausea • Dry mouth, urinary retention (risperidone) • Sexual dysfunction • Weight gain • Hypotension • Impaired thermoregulation • Neutropenia • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) • Onset of diabetes
Atypical Neuroleptics: Warning Labels May cause drowsiness; avoid alcohol • Dilute solution before administration— risperidone • Maintain adequate hydration—risperidone • Do not discontinue without medical supervision • Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight—loxapine
Atypical Neuroleptics: Warning Labels for ziprasidone • Take with food • Avoid grapefruit juice
most common side effects of all neuroleptics is sedation
A potential fatal side effect of neuroleptic administration is Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
The most important neurotransmitter in the symptoms and treatment of schizophrenia is dopamine
Created by: user-1991937
 

 



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