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Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mRNA | synthesized by RNA polymerase 2, carries genetic code to ribosomes |
| rRNA | synthesized by RNA polymerase 1, forms part of the ribosomes, helps make proteins |
| tRNA | synthesized by RNA polymerase 3, brings amino acids to the ribosomes |
| miRNA (microRNA) | synthesized by RNA polymerase 2, part of translation, degrades specific mRNA |
| lncRNA (long non-coding RNA) | synthesized by RNA polymerase 2, not translated into proteins |
| snRNA (small nuclear RNA) | synthesized by RNA polymerase 2, alternative splicing through adding/removing introns/exons |
| siRNA (small interfering RNA) | made in lab, interferes with gene regulation, helps form dsRNA hybrid with mRNA |
| initiation | step 1 in transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA |
| elongation | step 2 in transcription, building the mRNA strand by adding nucleotides |
| termination | step 3 in transcription, when a stop codon is reached |
| post-translational processing | new polypeptide folds into its 3-D shape to become an activated protein |
| changes in gene expression can be caused by: | puberty, hormones, stress, illness, growth, circadian rhythms, pregnancy, injury |
| gene regulation | some proteins or molecules increase/decrease expression of specific genes by binding to specific sites on DNA |
| operon | cluster of genes transcribed together to make a mRNA molecule that encodes multiple proteins, this mRNA can make 4 proteins (proteins A,B,C, and D |
| tryptophan operon | trpA-E codes for enzymes that synthesize typtophan, in bacteria like E.coli, tryptophan builds tryptophan |
| lactose opeon | lacA (b-galactosidase transacetylase), lacY(b-galactosidase permease), and lacZ (b-galactosidase) code for 3 enzymes that break down lactose |
| between 2 strands of RNA | hydrogen bonds |
| backbone of mRNA | phosphodiester bonds |
| primary structure of proteins | strand of proteins |
| secondary structure of proteins | made into a stair-like structure or spiral |
| tertiary structure of proteins | clumps up, 3-D |
| quaternary structure of proteins | groups of proteins |
| activator | protein that binds to enhancer section of DNA |
| repressor | protein that binds to the silencer section of DNA |
| proteins are made where on mRNA? | the ribosomal machinery |
| function of ligand | binds to the cell surface and changes what's happening/regulates the proteins made |
| CAP | in lac operon transcription, when glucose is low, CAP binds and increases transcription of lac operon so lactose can be broken down |
| tryptophan operon | builds tryptophan |
| lactose operon | breaks down lactose |
| when tryptophan is absent: | the repressor can't bind to the operator, so transcription happens |
| when tryptophan is present: | tryptophan binds to the repressor, decreases transcription |
| is DNA same across cells? | yes, different regulation changes the phenotype of the cell though (genes are turned on or off) |
| goal of GWAS | identify genetic variants associated with a trait or disease |
| what's a SNP | A single base pair variation at a specific position in the genome |
| haplotype vs SNP | Haplotypes represent combinations of SNPs, while SNPs are single nucleotide changes |
| what's linkage disequilibrium | A measure of the degree to which alleles at two loci are inherited together more often than expected by chance |
| dots on a GWAS manhattan plot represent what? | A haplotype or SNP and its association with the phenotype of interest |
| what do significant dots on a GWAS manhattan plot represent | SNPs statistically associated with the phenotype |
| what types of samples are used to collect for GWAS? | blood or saliva |
| what does the x-axis of a GWAS manhattan plot represent? | position across chromosomes |
| Which of the following regions of a gene is closest to the 5’ end of the coding strand? | upstream region |
| What region of a gene determines if the gene will be transcribed? | promoter |
| What region of a gene determines where and when a gene will be transcribed? | enhancer |
| What region of a gene controls the function of the gene product? | coding region |
| What is the purpose of the UTR (untranslated region)? | regulates mRNA, 5'UTR is before the coding region, 3'UTR is after the coding region |
| What enzyme is necessary for transcription? | RNA polymerase |
| What proteins (or groups of proteins) bind to DNA? | TBP (TATA Binding Protein) binds to TATA box; RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter to synthesize RNA; Transcription factors which bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate transcription; Pre-initiation complex proteins help RNA polymerase |
| central dogma of biology | DNA->mRNA->Protein |
| what's the function of the TATA box? | binding site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase II, initiating the process of transcription |
| Function of the Upstream region in gene transcription | Regulates the initiation of transcription |
| What is the primary role of Transcription Factors in gene expression? | They regulate the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region |
| Which component recruits RNA polymerase to the promoter region and helps form the preinitiation complex? | TBP (TATA Binding Protein) |
| Which strand is complementary to the RNA? | template strand |
| Which strand is similar in sequence to the RNA? | coding strand |
| Which strand is used to synthesize RNA? | template strand |
| During translation, what direction does the growing polypeptide chain move within the ribosome as it creates the bond with the new amino acid? | P site to A site (polypeptides start in P site, then move back to A then P than E site to exit) |
| Order of ribosomal sites | EPA (start at A, exit through E unless you're a polypeptide then you start at P) |
| What type of bond is being synthesized during translation? | Peptide bonds and they're weaker than phosphodiester bonds because they need to be split apart |
| 30s subunit of ribosomes | responsible for decoding messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| 50s subunit of ribosomes | acts as a catalyst, facilitating the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis. |
| what's the first process of translation | mRNA binds to the 30s subunit |
| What is the final step in the translation process? | the polypeptide is released from the ribosome |
| lacA codes for | transacetylase |
| lacY codes for | permease |
| lacZ codes for | b-galactosidase |
| transcription acronym | I - Initiation, E - Elongation, T - Termination |
| translation steps | mRNA binds to 30s subunit (smaller) to be decoded, polpypetide is released from ribosome made on 50s subunit (larger) |
| polymorphism vs SNP | polymorphism= ≤1% of population, SNP=≥1% of population |
Created by:
AKDakd