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Test-1 connective
connective tissue cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Connective tissue: | One of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. |
| Function of connective tissue: | Binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues. |
| Function of connective tissue: | Protects and insulates internal organs. |
| Function of connective tissue: | Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles. |
| Function of connective tissue: | Serves as the major transport system within the body (blood). |
| Function of connective tissue: | Serves as the primary location of stored energy reserves (adipose and fat tissue). |
| Function of connective tissue: | Serves as the main source of immune responses. |
| General features of connective tissue: | Consists of two basic elements: extracellular matrix and cells. |
| Extracellular matrix: | Consists of protein fibers (fibrillar extracellular matrix) and ground substance (interfibrillar extracellular matrix). |
| Structure of the extracellular matrix: | Determines much of the tissue's qualities. |
| Differences of connective tissue vs epithelial tissue: | Do not usually occur on body surfaces, and usually are highly vascular. |
| Similarities between connective tissue and epithelial tissue: | Connective tissues are supplied with nerves. |
| Mesenchymal cells: | Mesodermal embryonic cells that give rise to the cells of connective tissue. |
| Fibroblasts: | Large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in all the general connective tissues, and usually are the most numerous. |
| Chondroblasts: | Immature cells in cartilage that retain the ability for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix. |
| Osteoblasts: | Immature cells in bone that retain the ability for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix. |
| Mature connective tissue cells: | Have reduced capacities for cell division and extracellular matrix formation and are mostly involved in maintaining the matrix. |
| Function of fibroblasts: | They migrate through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and certain components of the ground substance of the extracellular matrix. |
| Macrophages: | Develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Macrophages have an irregular shape with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. |
| Function of macrophages: | Fixed macrophages reside in a particular tissue. Wandering macrophages have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis. |
| Plasma cells: | Small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte. |
| Function of plasma cells: | Secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. |
| Location of plasma cells: | Although they are found in many places in the body, most plasma cells reside in connective tissues, especially in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. They are also abundant in the salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, and red bone marrow. |
| Mast cells: | produce histamine, a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body's reaction to injury or infection. In addition, researchers have recently discovered that mast cells can bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria. |
| Location of mast cells: | Abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue. |
| Adipocytes: | Also called fat cells or adipose cells, they are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). |
| Location of adipocytes: | They are found deep to the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys. |
| White blood cells: | not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue. However, in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues. |
| Neutrophils: | A type of white blood cell; they gather at sites of infection. |
| Eosinophils: | A type of white blood cell; they migrate to sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses. |
| Ground substance: | The component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers; it may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified. |
| Functions of ground substance: | It supports and binds together cells, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells. |
| Functions of ground substance: | Plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, and change shape, and in how they carry out their metabolic functions. |
| Structure of ground substance: | contains water and an assortment of large organic molecules, many of which are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins. |
| Fibers: | Three types are embedded in the ground substance between the cells: collagen, elastic, and reticular. |
| Collagen fibers: | These fibers are very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility. |
| Properties of different types of collagen fibers: | Vary from tissue to tissue. For example: The collagen fibers found in cartilage attract more water molecules than those in bone, which gives cartilage a more cushioning effect. |
| Elastic fibers: | These fibers are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, they branch and join together to form a network within a tissue. |
| Elastic fibers: | These fibers consist of molecules of the protein elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin, which adds strength and stability. |
| Elastic fibers: | These fibers are strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking; they also have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, a property called elasticity. |
| Elastic fibers: | These fibers are plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue. |
| Reticular fibers: | Consisting of collagen, these fibers are arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein. |
| Reticular fibers: | These fibers provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues, such as areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle tissue. |
| Mesenchyme: (embryonic) | Description: Consists of irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance that contains reticular fibers. |
| Mesenchyme: (embryonic) | Location: Under skin and along developing bones of embryo; some mesenchymal cells are found in adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels. |
| Mesenchyme: (embryonic) | Function: Forms almost all other types of connective tissue. |
| Mucous connective tissue: (embryonic) | Description: Consists of widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in a viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers. |
| Mucous connective tissue: (embryonic) | Location: Umbilical cord of fetus. |
| Mucous connective tissue: (embryonic) | Function: Support. |
| Areolar connective tissue: (loose, mature) | Description: Consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular) and several kinds of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells) embedded in a semifluid ground substance. |
| Areolar connective tissue: (loose, mature) | Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; papillary (superficial) region of dermis of skin; lamina propria of mucous membranes; and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. |
| Areolar connective tissue: (loose, mature) | Function: Strength, elasticity, and support. |
| Adipose tissue: (loose, mature) | Description: Consists of adipocytes, cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large centrally located droplet; nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. |
| Adipose tissue: (loose, mature) | Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket. |
| Adipose tissue: (loose, mature) | Function: Reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects. In newborns, brown adipose tissue generates considerable heat that helps maintain proper body temperature. |
| Reticular connective tissue: (loose, mature) | Description: A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. |
| Reticular connective tissue: (loose, mature) | Location: Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow, which gives rise to blood cells; reticular lamina of the basement membrane; and around blood vessels and muscles. |
| Reticular connective tissue: (loose, mature) | Function: Forms stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes. |
| Dense regular connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Description: Extracellular matrix looks shiny white; consists mainly of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles; fibroblasts present in rows between bundles. |
| Dense regular connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Location: Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone), most ligaments (attach bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone). |
| Dense regular connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Function: Provides strong attachment between various structures. |
| Dense irregular connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Description: Consists predominantly of randomly arranged collagen fibers and a few fibroblasts. |
| Dense irregular connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Location: Fasciae, reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), and heart valves. |
| Dense irregular connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Function: Provides strength. |
| Elastic connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Description: Consists predominantly of freely branching elastic fibers; fibroblasts are present in spaces between fibers. |
| Elastic connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Location: Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and some ligaments between vertebrae. |
| Elastic connective tissue: (dense, mature) | Function: Allows stretching of various organs. |
| Hyaline cartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Description: Consists of a bluish-white, shiny ground substance with fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; most abundant type of cartilage. |
| Hyaline cartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Location: Ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic and fetal skeleton. |
| Hyaline cartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Function: Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support. |
| Fibrocartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Description: Consists of chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix. |
| Fibrocartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Location: Pubic symphysis (point where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs (discs between vertebrae), menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage. |
| Fibrocartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Function: Support and fusion. |
| Elastic cartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Description: Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix. |
| Elastic cartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Location: Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), and auditory (eustachian) tubes. |
| Elastic cartilage: (cartilage, mature) | Function: Gives support and maintains shape. |
| Compact bone: (bone, mature) | Description: Compact bone tissue consists of osteons (haversian systems) that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals. |
| Compact bone: (bone, mature) | Location: Both compact and spongy bone tissue make up the various parts of bones of the body. |
| Compact bone: (bone, mature) | Function: Support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissue; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement. |
| Spongy bone: (bone, mature) | Description: Spongy bone tissue consists of thin columns called trabeculae; spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow. |
| Spongy bone: (bone, mature) | Location: Both compact and spongy bone tissue make up the various parts of bones of the body. |
| Spongy bone: (bone, mature) | Function: Support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissue; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement. |
| Blood: (liquid, mature) | Description: Consists of blood plasma and formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). |
| Blood: (liquid, mature) | Description: Consists of blood plasma and formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Location: Within blood vessels, and within the chambers of the heart. |
| Blood: (liquid, mature) | Function: Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; white blood cells carry on phagocytosis and are involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets are essential for the clotting of blood. |
Created by:
bwoods